The Levin Lab

Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory

Edward D. Levin

Laboratory:      Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory              Home: 602 Croom Ct.

                        Department of Psychiatry, Box #3412                           Chapel Hill, NC 27514

                        Duke University Medical Center                                   Phone 919-967-9169

                        Durham, NC 27710    

                        Phone: 919-681-6273             

Fax: 919-681-3416 

E-Mail: edlevin@duke.edu    

Academic Appointment: Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC

Primary Appointment: Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences

Joint Appointments:      Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology

Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences

Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences

Personal Information:    Born, April 29, 1954, Pittsburgh, PA

                                    Citizen of the USA

                                    Married with two children

Education:        1976, B.A., Psychology, University of Rochester

                        1982, M.S., Physiological Psychology, University of Wisconsin

                        1984, Ph.D., Environmental Toxicology, University of Wisconsin

Academic Positions

1985-86: Postdoctoral Fellow, Dept. of Psychology, UCLA

1987: Visiting Scientist, Ulleråker Psychiatric Hospital, Univ. of Uppsala, Sweden

1987-89: Research Associate, Dept. of Psychology, UCLA

1989-92: Assistant Research Professor, Dept. of Psychiatry, Duke University Med Ctr

1992-1995: Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Ctr

1992-1995: Assistant to the Director, Integrated Toxicology Program, Duke University Medical Ctr

1993-1998: Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Ctr

1995-2001: Director, Integrated Toxicology Program, Duke University

1995-2003: Associate Professor, Dept of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke Univ Med Ctr

1998-present: Associate Professor, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University

1998-present: Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Ctr

2001-2003: Associate Professor, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Duke University

2003-present: Senior Fellow, Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University

2003-present: Professor, Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Duke University

2003-present: Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke Univ Med Ctr

Awards:  1985, NIMH Postdoctoral Fellowship in Psychobiology,

                          Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles

               1987, Swedish Medical Research Council Visiting Scientist Fellowship,

                          Psychiatric Research Center, Ulleråker Hospital, Univ. of Uppsala, Sweden

Teaching Experience

1981-1983:      Teaching Assistant, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin

                        Physiological Psychology

1987-1988:      Instructor, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles

                        Behavioral Pharmacology

1989-1997:      Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Psychology, Duke University

                        Toxicology, Behavioral Pharmacology, Motivation and Learning, Human Behavior

Society             Society for Neuroscience                      Neurobehavioral Teratology Society

Memberships    Society of Toxicology                           Am Soc for the Advancement of Science

                        Behavioral Toxicology Society  Am Soc for Pharmacology and Exp Therap

                        Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco

Section Editor for Reviews: Neurotoxicology and Teratology

Editor for Special Journal Issues: Drug Development Research, Medicinal Chemistry Research

Member of Editorial Board:      The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

                                                Drug Development Research

Journal       Am J Primatology                     Asian Am Pac Islander J Health      Behav Brain Research

Reviewer    Behav Neural Biology               Behav Pharmacology                      Behavioural   Processes

                  Biological Psychiatry                 Brain Research                               Brain Research Bulletin

                  Behav Res Meth Instr Comp     Cerebral Cortex                             Drug Development Res

                  J Am College of Toxicology      J Pharmacol and Exp Therap          Life Sciences                Neurobiology of Aging                  Neurotoxicology                                                                       Neurotoxicology & Teratology        Pharmacol Biochem Behav         Physiology and Behavior                                                           Psychopharmacology         

Toxicol Applied Pharmacol     European Journal of Pharmacol

Grant          National Institutes of Health                        Environmental Protection Agency

Reviewer    National Science Foundation                       Tobacco and Health Research Institute

                  Department of Veterans Affairs                   The Wellcome Trust

British Medical Research Council                Alzheimer’s Association

Jeffress Trust                                              NATO

Member of NIDA-A NIH Study Section 1996 through 1998, Ad hoc NIH reviewer 1992-present

Research Projects

1992-present:   Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory

                             Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center

                        Nicotinic neuropsychopharmacology

                        Cholinergic-catecholaminergic interactions in cognitive function and addiction

                        Cognitive effects and neural mechanisms of Pfiesteria toxin

                        Therapeutic drug treatments for dementia and toxicant-induced deficits

1989-1992:      Nicotine Research Lab, VA Medical Center, Durham, NC

                              Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center

                        Persisting cognitive effects of developmental toxicant exposure

                        Pharmacological aids to smoking cessation

                        Cholinergic-dopaminergic mechanism underlying cognitive function

                        Nicotinic treatments for cognitive dysfunction

1988-1989:      Nicotine Research Lab, VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA

                              Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles

                        Pharmacological and conditioning factors in smoking                                                      Cholinergic-dopaminergic interactions in cognitive function

                        Nicotinic involvement in cognition and weight regulation

1987:               Psychiatric Research Ctr, Ulleråker Hospital, University of Uppsala, Sweden

                        Neurobehavioral toxicology of chronic neuroleptics in rats and monkeys

                        Dopamine and GABA systems and motor function in rats and marmosets

1985-1987:      Psychology Department, University of California, Los Angeles

                        Neurobehavioral toxicity of neuroleptics on cognitive and motor function in rats

                        Nicotine effects on feeding and cognitive performance

                        ACh-DA interactions in cognitive behavior

1977-1984:      Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison

                        Halothane neural and behavioral toxicity in rats

                        Lead and PCB effects on learning and memory in monkeys

                        ACh-DA aspects of lead effects on attention and memory in monkeys

                        Lead and TCDD effects on behavioral development in monkeys

US Patents: Agonist-Antagonist Combination to Reduce the Use of Nicotine and Other Drugs  Patent Numbers 5,316,759; 5,574,052; 5,703,101; 5,726,190; 5,861,422; 5,935,975 and 6,083,962 issued to  Edward D Levin and Jed E Rose

Ph.D. Dissertation

The long-term effects of developmental lead exposure on learning and memory in monkeys. 1984, Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison.

Master's Thesis

Behavioral effects of low, chronic exposure of halothane to developing rats. 1982, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison.

Articles

 1.  Levin ED and RE Bowman. The effect of pre- or postnatal lead exposure on Hamilton search task in monkeys. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 5:391-394, 1983.

 2.  Bushnell PJ and ED Levin. Effects of zinc deficiency on lead toxicity in rats. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 5:238-248, 1983.

 3.  Laughlin NK, RE Bowman, ED Levin and PJ Bushnell. Neurobehavioral consequences of early exposure to lead in rhesus monkeys: Effects on cognitive behaviors. In: Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Metals, TW Clarkson, GF Nordberg and PR Sager (eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 497-515, 1983.

 4.  Uemura E, WP Ireland, ED Levin and RE Bowman. Effects of halothane on the development of rat brain: A Golgi study of dendritic growth. Experimental Neurology, 89:503-519, 1985.

 5.  Uemura E, ED Levin and RE Bowman. Effects of halothane on synaptogenesis and learning behavior in rats. Experimental Neurology, 89:520-529, 1985.

 6.  Levin ED, KM Boehm, WW Hagquist and RE Bowman. A Visual exploration apparatus for infant monkeys. American Journal of Primatology, 10:195-199, 1986.

 7.  Levin ED and RE Bowman. Scopolamine effects on Hamilton search task performance in monkeys. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 24:819-821, 1986.

 8.  Mele PC, RE Bowman and ED Levin. Behavioral evaluation of perinatal PCB exposure in rhesus monkeys: Fixed-interval performance and reinforcement omission. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 8:131-138, 1986.

 9.  Levin ED and RE Bowman. Behavioral effects of chronic exposure to low concentrations of halothane during development in rats. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 65:653-659, 1986.

10.  Levin ED and RE Bowman. Long-term lead effects on the Hamilton search task and delayed spatial alternation in monkeys. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 8:219-224, 1986.

11.  Morgan MM, ED Levin and JC Liebeskind. Analgesia produced by the anxiogenic benzodiazepine receptor blocker, Ro 15-1788. Proceedings of the Western Pharmacological Society, 29:237-240, 1986.

12.  Weinstein DL, GD Ellison, R See and ED Levin. A model for tardive dyskinesia: The effects of fluphenazine decanoate in Guinea pigs. Proceedings of the Western Pharmacological Society, 29:237-240, 1986.

13.  Levin ED and RE Bowman. Effects of the dopamine D2 receptor agonist, LY 171555, on radial arm maze performance in rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 25: 1117-1119, 1986.

14.  Johansson P, ED Levin, GD Ellison and L Gunne. Opposite effects of a D1 and a D2 agonist on oral movements in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology, 134:83-88, 1987.

15.  Levin ED, D Galen and GD Ellison. Chronic haloperidol effects on radial arm maze performance and oral movements in rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 26:1-6, 1987.

16.  Levin ED, RE Bowman, S Wegert and J Vuchetich. Psychopharmacological investigations of a lead-induced, long-term cognitive deficit in monkeys. Psychopharmacology, 91:334-341, 1987.

17.  Levin ED, MM Morgan, C Galvez and GE Ellison. Chronic nicotine effects of food and water intake and weight regulation in rats. Physiology and Behavior, 39:441-444, 1987.

18.  Ellison GD, R See, ED Levin and J Kinney. Computerized analysis of tremorous mouth movements induced by chronic haloperidol administration in rats. Psychopharmacology, 92:122-126, 1987.

19.  Morgan MM, ED Levin and JC Liebeskind. Characterization of the analgesic effects of the benzodiazepine antagonist, RO 15-1788. Brain Research, 415:367-370, 1987.

20.  Levin ED, M Castonguay and GD Ellison. Effects of the nicotinic receptor blocker, mecamylamine, on radial arm maze performance in rats. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 48:206-212, 1987.

21.  Levy AD, RE See, ED Levin and GD Ellison. Neuroleptic-induced oral movements in rats: Methodological issues. Life Sciences, 41:1499-1506, 1987.

22.  Lubisher JL, RE See, ED Levin and JC Liebeskind. The effects of D1 and D2 receptor antagonists on pain sensitivity and morphine analgesia in the rat. Proceedings of the Western Pharmacological Society, 30:229-232, 1987.

23.  Levin ED, E Uemura, R DeLuna, P Franks and RE Bowman. Neurobehavioral effects of chronic halothane exposure during developmental and juvenile periods in the rat. Experimental Neurology, 98:584-593, 1987.

24.  See RE, ED Levin and GD Ellison. Characteristics of oral movements in rats during and after chronic haloperidol and fluphenazine administration. Psychopharmacology, 94:421-427,1988.

25.  McGurk S, ED Levin and LL Butcher. Cholinergic-dopaminergic interactions in radial-arm maze performance. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 49:234-239, 1988.

26.  Levin ED, M Schneider, S Ferguson, SL Schantz and RE Bowman. Behavioral effects of developmental lead exposure in rhesus monkeys. Developmental Psychobiology, 21:371-382, 1988.

27.  Gunne LM, ED Levin and PE Johansson. The GABA theory of tardive dyskinesia. in: Tardive Dyskinesia: Biological Mechanisms and Clinical Aspects, ME Wolf and AD Mosnaim (eds.), American Psychiatric Association Press, Washington, DC, pp. 29-38, 1988.

28.  Levin ED. Psychopharmacological effects in the radial-arm maze. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 12: 169-175, 1988.

29.  Levin ED. Scopolamine interactions with D1 and D2 antagonists on radial-arm maze performance in rats. Behavioral and Neural Biology,  50: 240-245, 1988.

30.  Ellison GD, P Johansson, ED Levin, RE See and LM Gunne. Chronic neuroleptics alter the effects of the D1 agonist SK&F 38393 and the D2 agonist LY 171555 on oral movements in rats. Psychopharmacology, 96:253-257, 1988.

31.  Gunne LM, JE Häggström, P Johansson, ED Levin and L Terenius. Neurobiochemical theories of tardive dyskinesia. L'Encephale, 14:167-173, 1988.

32.  Levin ED, GD Ellison, C Salem, ME Jarvik and E Gritz. Behavioral effects of acute hexamethonium in rats chronically intoxicated with nicotine. Physiology and Behavior, 44:355-359, 1988.

33.  Levin ED, SL Schantz and RE Bowman. Delayed spatial alternation deficits resulting from perinatal PCB exposure in monkeys. Archives of Toxicology, 62:267-273, 1988.

34.  Levin ED and RE Bowman. Long-term effects of chronic postnatal lead exposure on delayed spatial alternation in monkeys. Neurotoxicology & Teratology, 10:505-510, 1988.

35.  Yirmiya R, ED Levin, CD Chapman and J Garcia. Morphological and behavioral effects of perinatal exposure to aspartame (Nutrasweet) on rat pups. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 27:153-156, 1989.

36.  Andersson U, JE Häggström, ED Levin, U Bondesson, M Valverius and LM Gunne. Reduced glutamate decarboxylase activity in the subthalamic nucleus in patients with tardive dyskinesia. Movement Disorders, 4:37-46, 1989.

37.  Levin ED, SR McGurk, D South and LL Butcher. Effects of combined muscarinic and nicotinic blockade on choice accuracy in the radial-arm maze, Behavioral and Neural Biology, 51:270-277, 1989.

38.  Levin ED and LM Gunne. Chronic neuroleptic effects on spatial reversal learning in monkeys. Psychopharmacology, 97:496-500, 1989.

39.  Schantz SL, ED Levin, RE Bowman, MP Heironimus and NK Laughlin. Effects of perinatal PCB Exposure on discrimination-reversal learning in monkeys. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 11:243-250, 1989.

40.  Levin ED, JE Rose and F Behm. Controlling puff volume without disrupting smoking topography. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 21:383-386, 1989.

41.  McGurk SR, ED Levin and LL Butcher. Nicotinic-dopaminergic relationships and radial-arm maze performance in rats. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 52:78-86, 1989.

42.  Rose JE, A Sampson, ED Levin and JE Henningfield. Mecamylamine increases nicotine preference and attenuates nicotine discrimination. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 32:933-938, 1989.

43.  Levin ED, GD Ellison, RE See, D South and E Young. D1 and D2 dopamine receptor interactions with pilocarpine-induced oral activity in rats Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 33:501-505, 1989.

44.  Levin ED, SR McGurk, JE Rose and LL Butcher. Reversal of a mecamylamine-induced cognitive deficit with the D2 agonist, LY 171555. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 33:919-922, 1989.

45.  Uemura E, ED Levin, R DeLuna and RE Bowman. Suppressive effects of halothane on reactive synaptogenesis in the dentate gyrus of rats. Brain Research, 496:317-320, 1989.

46.  McGurk SR, ED Levin and LL Butcher. Radial-arm maze performance in rats is impaired by a combination of nicotinic-cholinergic and D2 dopaminergic drugs. Psychopharmacology, 99:371-373, 1989.

47.  Levin ED, RE See and D South. Effects of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor antagonists on oral activity in rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 34:43-48, 1989.

48.  Levin ED, R DeLuna, E Uemura and RE Bowman. Long-term effects of developmental halothane exposure on radial-arm maze performance in rats. Behavioural Brain Research, 36:147-154, 1990.

49.  Levin ED, J Rose, S McGurk and L Butcher. Characterization of the cognitive effects of com-bined muscarinic and nicotinic blockade. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 53:103-112, 1990.

50.  Rose JD, ED Levin, FM Behm, C Adivi and C Schur. Transdermal nicotine facilitates smoking cessation. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 47:323-330, 1990.

51.  Levin ED, C Lee, JE Rose, A Reyes, G Ellison, M Jarvik and E Gritz. Chronic nicotine and withdrawal effects on radial-arm maze performance in rats. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 53:269-276, 1990.

52.  Levin ED, PJ Bushnell and CM Baysinger. d-Amphetamine-induced "floating limb" syndrome in young rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology, 101:112-117, 1990.

53.  Levin ED, JE Rose and F Behm. Development of a citric acid aerosol as a smoking cessation aid. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 25:273-279, 1990.

54.  Behm FM, ED Levin, YK Lee and JE Rose. Low-nicotine regenerated smoke aerosol reduces desire for cigarettes. Journal of Substance Abuse, 2:237-247, 1990.

55.  Levin ED, FM Behm and JE Rose. The use of flavor in cigarette substitutes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 26:155-160; 1990.

56.  Levin ED, SR McGurk, JE Rose and LL Butcher. Cholinergic-dopaminergic interactions in cognitive performance. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 54:271-299, 1990.

57.  Grijalva CV, ED Levin, M Morgan, B Roland and FC Martin. Contrasting effects of centromedial and basolateral amygdaloid lesions on stress-related responses in the rat. Physiology and Behavior, 48:495-500, 1990.

58.  Levin ED and JE Rose. Anticholinergic sensitivity following chronic nicotine administration as measured by radial-arm maze performance in rats. Behavioural Pharmacology, 1:511-520, 1990.

59.  Levin ED and JE Rose. Interactive effects of D1 and D2 agonists with scopolamine on radial-arm maze performance. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 38:243-246, 1991.

60.  Rose JE and ED Levin. Inter-relationships between conditioned and primary reinforcement in the maintenance of cigarette smoking. British Journal of Addiction, 86:605-609, 1991.

61.  Schantz SL, ED Levin and RE Bowman. Long-term neurobehavioral effects of perinatal polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure in monkeys. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 10:747-756 1991.

62.  Levin ED, E Uemura and RE Bowman. Neurobehavioral toxicology of halothane in rats. Neurotoxicology & Teratology, 13:461-470, 1991.

63.  McGurk SR, ED Levin and LL Butcher. Impairment of radial-arm maze performance in rats following lesions of the cholinergic medial pathway: Reversal by arecoline and differential effects of muscarinic and nicotinic antagonists. Neuroscience, 44:137-147, 1991.

64.  Levin ED, JE Rose, F Behm and NH Caskey. The effects of smoking-related sensory cues on psychological stress. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 39:265-268, 1991.

65.  Levin ED and JE Rose. Nicotinic and muscarinic interactions and choice accuracy in the radial-arm maze. Brain Research Bulletin, 27:125-128, 1991.

66.  Rose JE and ED Levin. Concurrent agonist-antagonist administration for the analysis and treatment of drug dependence. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 41:219-226, 1992.

67.  Levin ED, SL Schantz and RE Bowman. Use of the lesion model for examining toxicant effects on cognitive behavior. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 14:131-141, 1992.

68.  Henningfield JE, E Obarzanek, NL Benowitz, SM Hall, RC Klesges, S Leischow, ED Levin, KA Perkins, B Spring, M Stitzer, MM Ward, S Winders, P Wood, MN Woods, T Isbell and ML Klem. Task Force 2: Methods of assessment, strategies for research. Health Psychology, 11(Suppl):10-16, 1992.

69.  Levin ED and RW Russell. Nicotinic-muscarinic interactions in cognitive function. In: Neurotransmitter Interactions and Cognitive Function, ED Levin, MW Decker and LL Butcher (eds.), Berkhäuser, Bern, pp. 183-195, 1992.

70.  Levin ED and JE Rose. Cognitive effects of D1 and D2 interactions with nicotinic and muscarinic systems. In: Neurotransmitter Interactions and Cognitive Function, ED Levin, MW Decker and LL Butcher (eds.), Berkhäuser, Bern, 144-158, 1992.

71.  Levin ED, MW Decker and LL Butcher. Transmitter interactions and cognitive function: Appreciation of the concert. In: Neurotransmitter Interactions and Cognitive Function, ED Levin, MW Decker and LL Butcher (eds.), Berkhäuser, Bern, 355-357, 1992.

72.  McGurk, SR, ED Levin and LL Butcher. Dopaminergic drugs reverse the impairment of radial-arm maze performance caused by lesions involving the cholinergic medial pathway. Neuroscience, 50:129-135, 1992.

73.  Uemura E and ED Levin. The effect of halothane on cultured fibroblasts and neuroblastoma cells. Neuroscience Letters, 145:33-36, 1992.

74.  Levin ED. Nicotinic systems and cognitive function. Psychopharmacology, 108:417-431, 1992.

75.  Levin ED, SJ Briggs, NC Christopher and JE Rose. Persistence of chronic nicotine-induced cognitive facilitation. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 58:152-158, 1992.

76.  Seidler FJ, ED Levin, SE Lappi and TA Slotkin. Fetal nicotine exposure ablates the ability of postnatal nicotine challenge to release norepinepherine from rat brain regions. Developmental Brain Research, 69:288-291, 1992.

77.  Levin ED, SJ Briggs, NC Christopher and JE Rose. Sertraline attenuates nicotine withdrawal-induced hyperphagia in rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 44:51-61, 1993.

78.  Behm FM, C Schur, ED Levin, DP Tashkin and JE Rose. Clinical evaluation of a citric acid inhaler for smoking cessation. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 31:131-138, 1993.

79.  Rose JE, FM Behm and ED Levin. The role of nicotine dose and sensory cues in the regulation of smoke intake. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 44:891-900, 1993.

80.  Levin ED, SJ Briggs, NC Christopher and JE Rose. Chronic nicotinic stimulation and blockade effects on cognitive behavior. Behavioural Pharmacology, 4:179-182, 1993.

81.  Levin ED. Nicotinic involvement in cognitive function: Possible therapeutic applications. Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2:612-627, 1993.

82.  Rosecrans J, ED Levin and L Karan. Nicotine as a potential therapeutic agent: A prologue. Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2:505-508, 1993.

83.  Levin ED, L Karan and J Rosecrans. Nicotine: An addictive drug with therapeutic potential. Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2:509-513, 1993.

84.  Levin ED. Development of treatments for toxicant-induced cognitive deficits. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 15:203-206, 1993.

85.  Levin ED and FJ Seidler. Sex-related spatial learning differences in the young adult rat after prenatal cocaine exposure. Neurotoxicology, 14:23-28, 1993.

86.  Westman EC, ED Levin and JE Rose. The nicotine patch in smoking cessation: A randomized controlled trial with telephone counseling. Archives of Internal Medicine, 153:1917-1923, 1993.

87.  Bushnell PJ and ED Levin. Effects of dopaminergic drugs on working and reference memory in rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 45:765-776, 1993.

88.  Levin ED, NC Christopher, SJ Briggs and JE Rose. Chronic nicotine reverses working memory deficits caused by lesions of the fimbria or medial basalocortical projection. Cognitive Brain Research, 1:137-143, 1993.

89.  Levin ED, SJ Briggs, NC Christopher and JE Rose. Prenatal nicotine exposure and cognitive performance in rats. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 15:251-260, 1993.

90.  Levin ED, F Behm, E Carnahan, R LeClair, R Shipley and J Rose. Clinical trials using ascorb-ic acid aerosol to aid smoking cessation. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 33:211-223, 1993.

91.  Rose JE, ED Levin and N Benowitz. Saliva nicotine as an index of plasma levels in nicotine skin patch users. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 15:431-435, 1993.

92.  Levin ED, EC Westman, RM Stein, E Carnahan, M Sanchez, S Herman, FM Behm and JE Rose. Nicotine skin patch treatment increases abstinence, decreases withdrawal symptoms and attenuates rewarding effects of smoking. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 14:41-49, 1994.

93.  Levin ED and B Eisner. Nicotine interactions with dopamine agonists: Effects on working memory function. Drug Development Research, 31:32-37, 1994.

94.  Brucato FH, ED Levin, JE Rose and HS Swartzwelder. Intracerebroventricular nicotine and mecamylamine alter radial-arm maze performance in rats. Drug Development Research, 31:18-23, 1994.

95.  Levin ED and J Rosecrans. The promise of nicotinic-based therapeutic treatments. Drug Development Research, 31:1-2, 1994.

96.  Rose JE, FM Behm, EC Westman, ED Levin, RM Stein and GV Ripka. Mecamylamine combined with nicotine skin patch potentiates smoking cessation beyond nicotine patch treatment alone. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 56:86-99, 1994.

97.  Levin, ED. Nicotine effects and working memory performance. Recent Advances in Tobacco Science, 20:49-66, 1994.

98.  Rose JE, FM Behm, EC Westman, ED Levin, RM Stein, J Lane and GV Ripka. Combined effects of nicotine and mecamylamine in attenuating smoking reward. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2:328-344, 1994.

99.  Levin ED, SJ Briggs, NC Christopher and JT Auman. Working memory performance and cholinergic effects in the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra. Brain Research, 657:165-170, 1994.

100. Andrén PE, ED Levin, U Liminga and L Gunne. Behavioral and neurochemical consequences of ibotenic acid lesion in the subthalamic nucleus in the common marmoset. Brain Research Bulletin, 36:301-307, 1995.

101. Levin ED and D Torry. Nicotine effects on memory performance. In: International Symposium on Nicotine: The Effects of Nicotine on Biological Systems II, P.B.S. Clarke, M. Quik, K. Thurau and F. Adlkofer (Eds.), Birkhäuser, Boston, 329-335, 1995.

102. Levin ED and JE Rose. Acute and chronic nicotinic interactions with dopamine systems and working memory performance. In: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol 757, Functional Diversity of Interacting Receptors, A. Lajtha and L. Abood (eds.), The New York Academy of Sciences, New York, pp 245-252, 1995.

103. Rose JE, ED Levin, F Behm, E Westman, R Stein and GV Ripka. Combined administration of agonist-antagonist as a method of regulating receptor activation. In: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol 757, Functional Diversity of Interacting Receptors, A. Lajtha and L. Abood (eds.), The New York Academy of Sciences, New York, pp 218-221, 1995.

104. Beckham JC, AA Roodman, RH Shipley, MA Hertzberg, GH Cunha, HS Kudler, ED Levin, JE Rose and JA Fairbank. Smoking in Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8:461-472, 1995.

105. Levin ED, NC Christopher MB Abou-Donia. Triphenyl phosphite-induced impairment of spatial alternation. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 44:461-467, 1995.

106. Levin ED, JE Rose and L Abood. Effects of nicotinic dimethylaminoethyl esters on working memory performance of rats in the radial-arm maze. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 51:369-373, 1995.

107. Bushnell PJ, ED Levin and DH Overstreet. Spatial working and reference memory in rats bred for autonomic sensitivity to cholinergic stimulation: Acquisition, accuracy, speed and effects of cholinergic drugs. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 63:116-132, 1995.

108. Westman EC, ED Levin and JE Rose. Nicotine as a therapeutic drug. North Carolina Medical Journal, 56:48-51, 1995.

109. McEvoy JP, O Freudenreich, M McGee, C VanderZwaag, ED Levin and JE Rose. Clozapine decreases smoking in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 37:550-552, 1995.

110. McEvoy JP, O Freudenreich, ED Levin and JE Rose. Haloperidol increases smoking in patients with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology, 119:124-126, 1995.

111. Levin ED. Pergolide interactions with nicotine and pilocarpine in rats on the radial-arm maze. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 52:837-840, 1995.

112. Levin ED, CK Conners, E Sparrow, S Hinton, W Meck, JE Rose, D Ernhardt and J March. Nicotine effects on adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Psychopharmacology, 123:55-63, 1996.

113. Levin, ED and D Torry. Acute and chronic nicotine effects on working memory in aged rats. Psychopharmacology, 123:88-97, 1996.

114. Conners CK,  ED Levin, E Sparrow, S Hinton, D Ernhardt, WH Meck, JE Rose, and J March. Nicotine and attention in adult ADHD. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 32:67-73, 1996.

115. Levin ED, W Wilson, JE Rose and J McEvoy. Nicotine-haloperidol interactions and cognitive performance in schizophrenics. Neuropsychopharmacology, 15:429-436, 1996.

116. Kim JS and ED Levin. Nicotinic, muscarinic and dopaminergic actions in the ventral hippocampus and the nucleus accumbens: Effects on spatial working memory in rats. Brain Research, 725:231-240, 1996.

117. Brucato FH. ED Levin, DD Mott, DV Lewis, WA Wilson and HS Swartzwelder. Hippocampal LTP and spatial learning are attenuated by GABAB receptor blockade in the rat. Neuroscience, 74:331-339, 1996.

118. Levin ED, P. Kim and R. Meray. Chronic nicotine working and reference memory effects in the 16-arm radial maze: Interactions with D1 agonist and antagonist drugs. Psychopharmacology, 127:25-30, 1996.

119. Levin ED, K Toll, G Chang, NC Christopher and SJ Briggs. Epibatidine, a potent nicotinic agonist: effects on learning and memory in the radial-arm maze. Medicinal Chemistry Research, 6:543-554, 1996.

120. Cutler AR, AE Wilkerson, JL Gingras and ED Levin. Prenatal cocaine and/or nicotine exposure in rats: Preliminary findings on long term cognitive outcome and genital development at birth. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 18:635-643, 1996.

121. Chambers RA, J Moore, JP McEvoy and ED Levin. Cognitive effects of neonatal hippocampal lesions in a rat model of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology, 15:587-594, 1996.

122. Levin ED. Nicotinic agonist and antagonist effects on memory. Drug Development Research, 38:188-195, 1996.

123. Levin ED, A Wilkerson, JP Jones, NC Christopher and SJ Briggs. Prenatal nicotine effects on memory in rats: pharmacological and behavioral challenges. Developmental Brain Research, 97:207-215, 1996.

124. Levin ED, NC Christopher, SJ Briggs and JT Auman Chronic nicotine-induced improvement of spatial working memory and D2 dopamine effects in rats. Drug Development Research, 39:29-35, 1996.

125. Levin ED, NC Christopher and SJ Briggs. Chronic nicotinic agonist and antagonist effects on T-maze alternation. Physiology and Behavior, 61:863-866, 1997.

126. Levin ED, D Torry, NC Christopher, X Yu, G Einstein and R Schwartz-Bloom. Is binding to nicotinic acetylcholine and dopamine receptors related to working memory in rats?. Brain Research Bulletin, 43:295-304, 1997.

127. Newhouse PA, A Potter and ED Levin. Nicotinic systems and Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases: Implications for therapeutics. Drugs and Aging, 11:206-228, 1997.

128. Levin ED. Chronic haloperidol administration does not block acute nicotine-induced improvements in radial-arm maze performance in the rat. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 58:899-902, 1997.

129. Felix R and ED Levin. Nicotinic antagonist administration into the ventral hippocampus and spatial working memory in rats. Neuroscience, 81:1009-1017, 1997.

130. Levin ED, S Kaplan and A Boardman. Acute nicotine interactions with nicotinic and muscarinic antagonists: Working and reference memory effects in the 16-arm radial maze.  Behavioural Pharmacology, 8:236-242, 1997.

131. Piantiadosi CA, J Zhang, ED Levin, RJ Folz and DE Schmechel. Apoptosis and delayed neuronal damage after carbon monoxide poisoning in the rat. Experimental Neurology, 147:103-114, 1997.

132. Levin ED, DE Schmechel, JM Burkholder, HB Glasgow, Jr., N Deamer-Melia, VC Moser and G.J. Harry. Persisting learning deficits in rats after exposure to Pfiesteria piscicida. Environmental Health Perspectives, 105:1320-1325, 1997.

133. Kelly SA, CM Havrilla, TC Brady, KL Harris and ED Levin. Oxidative stress in toxicology: Established mammalian and emerging piscine model systems. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106:375-384, 1998.

134. Schwartz-Bloom RD, KJ McDonough, PJ Chase, LE Chadwick, JR Inglefield and ED Levin. Long-term neuroprotection by benzodiazepine full vs. partial agonists following transient cerebral ischemia in the gerbil. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 18:548-558, 1998.

135. Markweise-Foerch BJ, S. Acheson, ED Levin, WA Wilson, and HS Swartzwelder Differential effects of ethanol on memory in adolescent and adult rats. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 22:416-421, 1998.

136. Levin ED and TA Slotkin. Developmental neurotoxicity of nicotine. In Handbook of Developmental Neurotoxicology, (W. Slikker, Jr. and L.W. Chang eds.), Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 587-615, 1998.

137. Levin ED and BB Simon. Nicotinic acetylcholine involvement in cognitive function in animals. Psychopharmacology, 138:217-230, 1998.

138. Levin ED, BB Simon and CK Conners. Transdermal nicotine treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In: Neuronal Nicotinic Receptors: Pharmacology and Therapeutic Opportunities, S.P. Arneric and J.D. Brioni (eds.), John Wiley, New York, 349-357, 1998.

139. Levin ED,  CK Conners, D Silva, SC Hinton, WH Meck, J March and JE Rose. Transdermal nicotine effects on attention. Psychopharmacology, 140:135-141, 1998.

140. Levin ED, C Bettegowda, T Weaver and NC Christopher. Nicotine-dizocilpine interactions and working and reference memory performance of rats in the radial-arm maze. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 61:335-340, 1998.

141. Levin ED, TC Brady, EC Hochrein, TD Oury, LM Jonsson, SL. Marklund and J. Crapo Molecular manipulations of extracellular superoxide dismutase: functional importance for learning. Behavior Genetics, 28:381-390, 1998.

142. Wilkerson A and ED Levin. Ventral hippocampal dopamine D1 and D2 systems and spatial working memory in rats. Neuroscience, 89:743-749, 1999.

143. Gainetdinov R, W Wetsel, SR Jones, ED Levin, M Jaber and MG Caron. Role of serotonin in the paradoxical calming effect of psychostimulants on hyperactivity. Science, 283:397-401, 1999.

144. Levin ED, NC Christopher, T Weaver, J Moore and F. Brucato. Ventral hippocampal ibotenic acid lesions block chronic nicotine-induced spatial working memory improvement in rats Cognitive Brain Research, 7:405-410, 1999.

145. Levin ED, MI Damaj, W Glassco, EL May and BR Martin. Bridged nicotine, isonicotine and norisonicotine effects on working memory performance of rats in the radial-arm maze. Drug Development Research , 46:107-111, 1999.

146. White H and ED Levin. Chronic four-week nicotine skin patch treatment effects on cognitive performance in Alzheimer’s disease. Psychopharmacology, 143:158-165, 1999.

147  Levin ED, BB Simon, DE Schmechel, HB Glasgow Jr, NJ Deamer-Melia, JM Burkholder, VC Moser, K Jensen and GJ Harry. Pfiesteria  toxin and learning performance. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 21:215-221, 1999.

148. Levin ED and P Lippiello. Mutually potentiating effects of mecamylamine and haloperidol in producing catalepsy in rats. Drug Development Research, 47:90-96, 1999.

149. Levin  ED, C Bettegowda, J Blosser and J Gordon. AR-R 17779, An a7 nicotinic agonist improves learning and memory in rats. Behavioural Pharmacology, 10:675-680, 1999.

150. Levin ED, DE Schmechel, HB Glasgow, Jr., NM Deamer-Melia and JM Burkholder.  Pfiesteria toxin. In: Experimental and Clinical Neurotoxicology  (2nd Edition). P.S. Spencer, H.S. Shaumberg and A.C. Ludolph (eds.), Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 975-976, 2000.

151. Levin ED, BB Simon and CK Conners. Nicotine effects and attention deficit disorder. In: Nicotine in Psychiatry: Psychopathology and Emerging Therapeutics, M. Piasecki and P. Newhouse (eds.), American Psychiatric Society Press, Washington, DC, pp. 203-214, 2000.

152. Levin ED. The Role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in cognitive function. In: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology Vol. 144: Neuronal Nicotinic Receptors. Eds. F. Clementi, C. Gotti and D. Fornasari, Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 587-602, 2000.

153. Grilly DM, BB Simon and ED Levin Nicotine enhances stimulus detection performance of middle- and old-aged rats. Pharmacology, Biochemical and Behavior, 65:665-670, 2000.

154. Levin ED and AH Rezvani. Development of nicotinic drug therapy for cognitive disorders, European Journal of Pharmacology, 393:141-146, 2000.

155. Levin ED, F Brucato and J Crapo Molecular overexpression of extracellular superoxide dismutase increases the dependency of learning and memory performance on motivational state. Behavior Genetics, 30:95-100, 2000.

156. Bushnell PJ, ED Levin, RT Marrocco, MF Sarter, BJ Strupp and DM Warburton. Attention as a target of intoxication: Insights and methods from studies of drug abuse. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 22:487-502, 2000.

157. Rusted J., P. Newhouse and E.D. Levin. Nicotinic treatment for degenerative neuropsychiatric disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease Behavioural Brain Research, 113:121-129, 2000.

158. Levin ED,  Rezvani AH, Christopher NC, HB Glasgow Jr., NJ Deamer-Melia, JM Burkholder, VC Moser and K Jensen.. Rapid neurobehavioral analysis of Pfiesteria  piscicida effects in juvenile and adult rats. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 22:533-540, 2000.

159. Levin ED, T Mead, AH Rezvani, JE Rose, C Gallivan and R Gross. The nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine preferentially inhibits cocaine vs. food self-administration in rats. Physiology and Behavior, 71:565-570, 2000.

160. Narahashi T, CP Fenster, MW Quick, RA Lester, W Marszalec, GL Aistrup, DB Sattelle, BR Martin and ED Levin. Mechanism of action of nicotine on neuronal acetylcholine receptors. From molecule to behavior. Toxicological Sciences, 57:193-202, 2000.

161. White AM, AJ Ghia, ED Levin and HS Swartzwelder. Binge pattern ethanol exposure: Differential impact on subsequent responsiveness to ethanol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24:1251-1256, 2000.

162. Keller JM, JN Meyer, M Mattie, T Augspurger, M Rau,  J Dong and ED Levin. Assessment of immunotoxicology in wild populations: Review and recommendations. Reviews in Toxicology, 3:167-212, 2000.

163. Bancroft A and ED Levin. Ventral hippocampal a4b2 nicotinic receptors and chronic nicotine effects on memory. Neuropharmacology, 39:2770-2778, 2000.

164. Levin ED. Use of the radial-arm maze to assess learning and memory. In: Methods in Behavioral Pharmacology, JJ Buccafusco (Ed.), CRC Press, New York, pp. 189-199, 2000.

165. Levin ED, CK Conners, D Silva, W Canu and J March Effects of chronic nicotine and methylphenidate in adults with ADHD. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 9:83-90, 2001.

166. Rezvani AH and ED Levin. Cognitive effects of nicotine. Biological Psychiatry. 49:258-267, 2001.

167. Levin ED, N Addy, A Nakajima, NC Christopher, FJ Seidler and TA Slotkin Persistent behavioral consequences of neonatal chlorpyrifos exposure in rats. Developmental Brain Research, 130:83-89, 2001.

168. Levin ED, A rat model of the cognitive impairment from Pfiesteria piscicida exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109(Suppl. 5):757-763, 2001.

169. Levin ED and AH Rezvani. Nicotinic involvement in cognitive function of rats. In: Nicotinic Receptors in the Nervous System. ED Levin (ed.), CRC Press, New York, 167-178 2001.

170. Levin ED. Nicotine effects on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In: Nicotinic Receptors in the Nervous System. ED Levin (ed.), CRC Press, New York, 251-260, 2001.

171. Levin ED. Nicotinic systems: An integrated approach. In: Nicotinic Receptors in the Nervous System. ED Levin (ed.), CRC Press, New York, 281-282, 2001.

172. Arthur D and ED Levin. Spatial and non-spatial discrimination learning in zebrafish (Danio rerio)  Animal Cognition, 4:125-131, 2001.

173. Rezvani AH, PJ Bushnell, JM Burkholder, HB Glasgow, Jr. and ED Levin. Specificity of cognitive impairment from Pfiesteria piscicida exposure in rats: Attention and visual function vs. behavioral plasticity. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 23:609-616, 2001.

174. Bettany JH and ED Levin. Ventral hippocampal a7 nicotinic receptors and chronic nicotine effects on memory, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 70:467-474, 2001.

175. Levin ED, A Bradley N Addy and N Sigurani. Hippocampal a7 and a4b2 nicotinic receptors and working memory. Neuroscience, 109:757-765, 2002.

176. Arthur D and ED Levin. Chronic inhibition of a4b2 nicotinic receptors in the ventral hippocampus: Impacts on memory and nicotine response. Psychopharmacology, 160:140-145, 2002.

177. Levin ED and NC Christopher. Persistence of nicotinic agonist RJR 2403 induced working memory improvement in rats. Drug Development Research, 55:97-103, 2002.

178. Levin ED, NC Christopher, S Lateef, B El-Amir, M Patel, L Liang and JD Crapo. Extracellular superoxide dismutase overexpression protects against aging-induced cognitive impairment in mice. Behavior Genetics, 32:119-125, 2002.

179. Rezvani AH and ED Levin. Nicotine - alcohol interactions and cognitive function in rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 72:865-872, 2002.

180. Addy N and ED Levin. Nicotine interactions with haloperidol, clozapine and risperidone and working memory function in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology, 27:534-541, 2002.

181. Levin ED and AH Rezvani. Nicotinic treatment for cognitive dysfunction. Current Drug Targets - CNS and Neurological Disorders, 1:423-431, 2002.

182. Levin ED. Nicotinic receptor subtypes and cognitive function. Journal of Neurobiology, 53:633-640, 2002.

183. Levin ED, N Addy, A Baruah, A Elias, NC Christopher, FJ Seidler and TA Slotkin Prenatal chlorpyrifos exposure in rats causes persistent behavioral alterations. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 24:733-741, 2002.

184. Rezvani AH, PJ Bushnell and ED Levin. Nicotine and mecamylamine effects on choice accuracy in an operant signal detection task. Psychopharmacology, 164:369-375, 2002.

185. Yang YK, JP McEvoy, WH Wilson, ED Levin and JE Rose. Reliabilities and inter-correlations of reported and objective measures of smoking in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 60:9-12, 2003.

186. Addy N, A Nakajama and ED Levin Nicotinic mechanisms of memory: Effects of acute local DHbE and MLA infusions in the basolateral amygdala. Cognitive Brain Research, 16:51-57, 2003.

187. Levin ED, E Crysthansis, K Yacisin and E Linney. Chlorpyrifos exposure of developing zebrafish: Effects on survival and long-term effects on response latency and spatial discrimination Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 25:51-57, 2003.

188. Levin ED, Behavioral Toxicology Society 2002 Annual Meeting Report. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 25:77-80, 2003.

189. Levin ED, WP Blackwelder, HB. Glasgow Jr, JM Burkholder, PDR Moeller and JS Ramsdell. Learning impairment caused by infusion of a toxin produced by Pfiesteria piscicida into the hippocampus of rats. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 25:419-426, 2003.

190. Rezvani AH and ED Levin. Nicotinic-glutamatergic interactions and attentional performance on an operant visual signal detection task in female rats. European Journal of Pharmacology, 465:83-90, 2003.

191. May-Simera H and  ED Levin. NMDA systems in the amygdala and piriform cortex and nicotinic effects on memory function. Cognitive Brain Research, 17:475-483, 2003.

192.  Levin ED, AH Rezvani, D Montoya, JE Rose and HS Swartzwelder. Adolescent-onset nicotine self-administration modeled in female rats. Psychopharmacology, 169:141-149, 2003.

193   Levin ED, D Sledge, A Baruah and NA Addy. Hippocampal NMDA blockade and nicotinic effects on memory function. Brain Research Bulletin, 61:489-495, 2003.

194.  Rezvani AH and ED Levin. Nicotine-alcohol interactions and attentional performance on an operant visual signal detection task in female rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior,  76:75-83, 2003.

195.  Levin ED and NC Christopher. Lobeline-induced learning improvements in rats in the radial-arm maze. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 76:133-139, 2003.

196.  Aldridge JE, JA Gibbons, MM Flaherty, ML Kreider, JA Romano and ED Levin Heterogeneity of toxicant response: Sources of human variability. Toxicological Sciences, 76:3–20, 2003.

197.  Levin ED. Drugs that target catecholaminergic receptors. In: Cognitive Enhancing Drugs, Buccafusco JJ (Ed.), Birkhäuser Publishing, Basel, pp. 69-77, 2004.

198.  White HK and ED Levin. Chronic transdermal nicotine patch treatment effects on cognitive performance in age-associated memory impairment. Psychopharmacology, 171:465-471, 2004.

199.  Levin ED, S Brunssen, GW Wolfe and GJ Harry. Neurobehavioral assessment of mice after developmental AZT exposure. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 26:65-71, 2004.

200.  Icenogle L, NC Christopher, WP Blackwelder, DP Caldwell, D Qiao, FJ Seidler TA Slotkin and ED Levin. Behavioral alterations in adolescent and adult rats after a brief subtoxic exposure to chlorpyrifos during neurulation. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 26:95-101, 2004.

201.  Rezvani AH, DP Caldwell and ED Levin. Nicotine-antipsychotic drug interactions and attentional performance.  European Journal of Pharmacology,  486:175-182, 2004.

202.  Rezvani AH and ED Levin. Adolescent and adult rats respond differently to nicotine and alcohol. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience. 22:349-354, 2004.

203.  Levin ED, HA Swain, S Donerly and E Linney. Developmental chlorpyrifos effects on hatchling zebrafish swimming behavior. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 26:719-723, 2004.

204.  Levin ED and E Chen. Nicotinic involvement in memory function in zebrafish. Neurotoxicology and Teratology,  26:731-735, 2004.

205.  Levin ED, E Weber and L Icenogle. Baclofen interactions with nicotine in rats: Effects on memory. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 79:343-348, 2004.

206.  Aldridge JE, ED Levin, FJ Seidler and TA Slotkin. Developmental exposure to chlorpyrifos elicits behavioral alterations in adulthood, involving serotonergic mechanisms and resembling animal models of depression. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113:527-531, 2005.

207.  Levin ED, Y Tizabi, AH Rezvani, DP Caldwell, A Petro and B Getachew. Chronic nicotine and dizocilpine effects on regionally specific nicotinic and NMDA glutamate receptor binding. Brain Research, 1041:132-142, 2005.

208.  Rezvani AH, DP Caldwell and ED Levin. Nicotine-serotonergic drug interactions and attentional performance in rats, Psychopharmacology, 179:521-528, 2005.

209.  Levin ED. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) quenches free radicals and attenuates age-related cognitive decline: Opportunities for novel drug development in aging. Current Alzheimer Research, 2:191-196, 2005.

210.  Levin ED, A Petro and DP Caldwell. Nicotine and clozapine actions on pre-pulse inhibition deficits caused by NMDA glutamatergic receptor blockade, Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 29:581-586, 2005.

211.  Addy N A Pocivavsek and ED Levin. Reversal of clozapine effects on working memory in rats with fimbria-fornix lesions, Neuropsychopharmacology,  30:1121-1127, 2005.

212. Levin ED, A Petro and A Beatty. Olanzapine interactions with nicotine and mecamylamine in rats: effects on memory. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 27:459-464, 2005.

213.  Levin ED, NC Christopher and JD Crapo. Memory decline of aging reduced by extracellular superoxide dismutase overexpression. Behavior Genetics, 35:447-453, 2005.

214.  Heindel JJ and Levin ED. Obesity: Developmental origins and environmental influences, Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology, 73:469. 2005.

215.  Levin ED. Fetal nicotinic overload, blunted sympathetic responsivity and obesity. Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology, 73:481-484. 2005.

216.  Kreider ML, ED Levin, FJ Seidler and TA Slotkin. Gestational dexamethasone treatment elicits sex-dependent alterations in locomotor activity, reward-based memory and hippocampal cholinergic function in adolescent and adult rats. Neuropsychopharmacology, 30:1617-1623, 2005.

217.  Slikker Jr. W, ZA Xu, ED Levin and TA Slotkin. Mode of action: Disruption of brain cell replication, second messenger, and neurotransmitter systems during development leading to cognitive dysfunction—developmental neurotoxicity of nicotine. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 35:1–9, 2005.

218.  Levin ED, K Pizarro, WG Pang, J Harrison and JS Ramsdell. Persisting behavioral consequences of prenatal domoic acid exposure in rats. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 27:719-725, 2005.

219.  Barron S, A White, HS Swartzwelder, RL Bell, ZA Rodd, CJ Slawecki, CL Ehlers, ED Levin, AH Rezvani and LP Spear Adolescent vulnerabilities to chronic alcohol or nicotine exposure:  Findings from rodent models.  Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 29(9):1720-1725 2005.

220.  Levin ED, L Icenogle and A Farzad. Ketanserin attenuates nicotine-induced working memory improvement in rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 82:289-292, 2005.

221.  Levin ED, J Limpuangthip, T Rachakonda and M Peterson. Timing of nicotine effects on learning in zebrafish. Psychopharmacology, 184:547-552, 2006.

222.  Levin ED, FJ McClernon and AH Rezvani. Nicotinic effects on cognitive function: Behavioral characterization, pharmacological specification and anatomic localization. Psychopharmacology, 184:523-539, 2006.

223. Timme-Laragy, AR, ED Levin and RT Di Giulio. Developmental and behavioral effects of embryonic exposure to DE-71 in Fundulus heteroclitus. Chemosphere, 62:1097-1104, 2006.

224.  Rezvani AH, DP Caldwell and ED Levin. Chronic nicotine interactions with clozapine and risperidone and attentional function in rats. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 30:190-197, 2006.

225.  Levin ED and NC Christopher. Effects of clozapine on memory function in the rat neonatal hippocampal lesion model of schizophrenia. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 30:223-229, 2006.

226.  Levin ED, C Perraut, N Pollard and JH Freedman. Metallothionein expression and neurocognitive function in mice. Physiology and Behavior, 87:513-518, 2006.

227.  Nott A and ED Levin. Dorsal hippocampal a7 and a4b2 nicotinic receptors and memory. Brain Research. 1081:72-78, 2006.

228.  Cerutti DT and ED Levin. Cognitive impairments models using complementary species. In: Animal Models of Cognitive Impairment. ED Levin and JJ Buccafusco, (eds.), pp. 315-342, CRC Press, New York, 2006.

229.  Roegge CS and ED Levin. Nicotinic receptor antagonists in rats. In: Animal Models of Cognitive Impairment. ED Levin and JJ Buccafusco, (eds.), pp. 21-35, CRC Press, New York, 2006.

230.  Levin ED and DP Caldwell. Low doses of mecamylamine improve learning on the radial-arm maze repeated acquisition task. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 86:117-122, 2006.

231.  Schmajuk NA, JA Larrauri, J Feldon, B Yee, ED Levin and N Hagenbuch. Startle and pre-pulse inhibition as a function of background noise: A computational and experimental analysis. Behavioural Brain Research, 170:182-196, 2006.

232.  Slotkin TA, ED Levin and FJ Seidler. Comparative developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphate insecticides:  Effects on brain development are separable from systemic toxicity. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114:746-751, 2006.

233.  Pocivavsek A, L Icenogle and ED Levin. Hippocampal a7 and a4b2 nicotinic receptor blockade and clozapine effects on memory. Psychopharmacology, 188:596-604, 2006.

234.  Levin ED. The rationale for studying transmitter interactions to understand the neural bases of cognitive function. In: Neurotransmitter Interactions and Cognitive Function, ED Levin (ed.), pp. 1-3. Birkhäuser, Basel, 2006.

235.  Levin ED and RH Rezvani. Nicotinic-antipsychotic drug interactions and cognitive function. In: Neurotransmitter Interactions and Cognitive Function, ED Levin (ed.), pp. 185-205, Birkhäuser, Basel, 2006.

236.  McClernon FJ, F.B Hiott, EC Westman, JE Rose, ED Levin. Transdermal nicotine attenuates depression symptoms in non-smokers: A preliminary placebo controlled trial. Psychopharmacology, 189:125-133, 2006.

237.  Slotkin TA, CA Tate, IT Ryde, ED Levin and FJ Seidler. Organophosphate insecticides target the serotonergic system in developing rat brain regions:  disparate effects of diazinon and parathion at doses spanning the threshold for cholinesterase inhibition. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114:1542-1545, 2006.

238.  Levin ED, WG Pang, J Harrison, P Williams and JS Ramsdell. Persistent neurobehavioral effects of early postnatal domoic acid exposure in rats. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 28:673-680, 2006.

239.  Levin ED, S Lawrence, A Petro, K Horton, FJ Seidler and TA Slotkin. Increased nicotine self-administration following prenatal exposure in female rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 85:669-674, 2006.

240.  Levin ED, Z Bencan and DT Cerutti. Anxiolytic effects of nicotine in zebrafish. Physiology and Behavior, 90:54-58, 2007.

241.  Matta SG, DJ Balfour, NL Benowitz, RT Boyd, JJ Buccafusco, AR Caggiula, CR Craig, AC Collins, WA Corrigall, MI Damaj, EC Donny, PS Gardiner, SR Grady, U Heberlein, SS Leonard, ED Levin, RJ Lukas, A Markou, MJ Marks, SE McCallum, N Parameswaran, KA Perkins, MR Picciotto, M Quik, JE Rose, A Rothenfluh, WR Schafer, IP Stolerman, RF Tyndale, JM Wehner, JM Zirger. Guidelines for nicotine dose selection for in vivo research. Psychopharmacology, 190:269-319, 2007.

242.  Rezvani AH, DH Overstreet, ED Levin, D. Rosenthal, CP Kordik, AB Reitz and AH Vaidya. The effects of atypical anxiolytic N-phenyl-2-[1-[3-(2-pyridinylethynyl)benzoyl]-4-piperidine] acetamide (JNJ-5234801) on alcohol intake in alcohol-preferring P rats: Comparison with naltrexone. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 31:57-63, 2007.

243.  Rezvani AH, E Kholdebarin, E Dawson and ED Levin. Nicotine and clozapine effects on attentional performance impaired by the NMDA antagonist dizocilpine in female rats. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, in press, 2007.

244.  Levin ED, S Lawrence, A Petro, K Horton, AH Rezvani, FJ Seidler and TA Slotkin. Adolescent vs. adult-onset nicotine self-administration in male rats: duration of effect and differential nicotinic receptor correlates. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, in press, 2007.

245.  Levin ED, DP Caldwell and C Perraut. Clozapine treatment reverses dizocilpine-induced deficits of pre-pulse inhibition of tactile startle response. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 86:597-605, 2007.

246.  Roegge CS, C Perraut, X Hao and ED Levin. Histamine H1 receptor involvement in prepulse inhibition and memory function: Relevance for the antipsychotic actions of clozapine. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, in press, 2007.

247. Kholdebarin E, DP Caldwell, WP Blackwelder, M Kao, NC Christopher and ED Levin. Interaction of nicotinic and histamine H3 systems in radial-arm maze repeated acquisition. European Journal of Pharmacology, in press, 2007.

248. Timofeeva O and ED Levin. Idazoxan reverses memory-improving effect of nicotine in rats treated with NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine. Psychopharmacology, under review, 2007.

249. Rezvani AH, Y Tizabi, B Getachew, SR Hauser, DP Caldwell. C Hunter and ED Levin. Chronic nicotine and dizocilpine effects on nicotinic and NMDA glutamatergic receptor regulation: Interactions with clozapine actions and attentional performance in rats. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, under review, 2007.

250.  Crofton KM, JA Foss, U Hass, K Jensen, ED. Levin and SL Parker. Undertaking positive control studies as part of developmental neurotoxicity testing. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, under review, 2007.

251.  Schmajuk NA, JA Larrauri, LG De la Casa and ED Levin. Auditory pre-pulse inhibition is attenuated by novel changes in ambient light: The role of dopaminergic mechanisms. Behavioural Brain Research, under review, 2007.

252. Eddins D, A Petro, N Pollard, JH Freedman and ED Levin. Mercury-induced cognitive impairment in metallothionein knockout mice. Brain Research, under review, 2007.

253.  Ryan JC, MYB Dechraoui, JS Morey, A Rezvani, ED Levin, CJ Gordon, JS Ramsdell and FM Van Dolah. Genomic and proteomic analysis of the neuroimmunologic effects of Pacific Ciguatoxin-1 in mice using whole blood. Journal of Neuroimmunology, under review, 2007.

254.  Timofeeva OA, CS Roegge, FJ Seidler, TA Slotkin and ED Levin. Persistent cognitive alterations in rats after early postnatal exposure to low doses of the organophosphate pesticide, diazinon. Environmental Health Perspectives. under review, 2007

255.  Roegge CS, OA Timofeeva, FJ Seidler, TA Slotkin and ED Levin. Developmental diazinon neurotoxicity in rats:  lasting effects on emotional response. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. under review, 2007.

 

Books

Neurotransmitter Interactions and Cognitive Function, ED Levin, MW Decker and LL Butcher (eds.), Birkhäuser, Basel, 1992.

Nicotinic Receptors in the Nervous System. ED Levin (ed.), CRC Press, New York, 2002.

Animal Models of Cognitive Impairment. ED Levin and JJ Buccafusco, (eds.), CRC Press, New York, 2006.

Neurotransmitter Interactions and Cognitive Function, ED Levin (ed.), Birkhäuser, Basel, 2006.

 

Abstracts:  242