Primary Texts

Secondary Texts

Specialized Bibliographies



Primary texts (chronological):


Baruch de Spinoza, Tractatus Theologico-Politicus (1670)

John Locke, A Letter Concerning Toleration (1689)

Joseph Butler, Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed (1736)

Philipp Jakob Spener, et al. in Pietism: Selected Writings (1700-17)

David Hume, An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals (1751)

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Philosophical and Theological Writings (1753-1778)

David Hume, The Natural History of Religion (1757)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile (1761)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Social Contract (1762)

Voltaire, Toleration and other Essays (1763)

Voltaire, Philosophical Dictionary (1764)

David Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (1779, posth.)

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Nathan the Wise (1779)

Joseph Priestley, History of the Corruptions of Christianity (1782)

Moses Mendelssohn, Jerusalem: or of Religious Power and Judaism (1783)

Immanuel Kant, “What is Enlightenment?” (1784)

William Paley, The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy (1785)

Immanuel Kant, Religion within the Limits of Reason alone (1793)

Thomas Paine, The Age of Reason (1794)

Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lectures on Politics and Religion (1795)

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, “Confessions of a Beautiful Soul” (1796)

Friedrich Hölderlin, Hymns and Fragments (1799-1804)

Friedrich von Hardenberg [Novalis], Christianity, or Europe (1799)

Friedrich D. E. Schleiermacher, On Religion: Addresses to its Cultured Despisers (1799)

William Paley, Natural Theology (1801)

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Faith and Knowledge (1802)

William Blake, Jerusalem (1804)

Friedrich W. J. Schelling, Philosophical Inquiries into the Essence of Human Freedom (1809)

Johann W. von Goethe, Faust: Part I (1809)

Arthur Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Representation (1818/1843)

Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Aids to Reflection (1825) & selected poetry.

Auguste Comte, Early Political Writings (1819-1840)

Johann W. von Goethe, Faust: Part II (1832)

Heinrich Heine, Concerning the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany (1835)

Charles Augustine Saint-Beuve, Port Royal, 5 vols. (1837-1859)

Ludwig Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity (1841)

Søren Kierkegaard, Fear and Trembling (1843)

Thomas Carlyle, Past and Present (1843)

John Henry Newman, Selected Tracts and Sermons from the Anglican period (1830-1845)

David Friedrich Strauss, The Life of Jesus (1835), English trans. George Eliot (1846)

------.  The Idea of the University (1852)

Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary (1857)

George Eliot, Silas Marner (1861)

Ernest Renan, The Life of Jesus (1863)

John Henry Newman, Apologia Pro Vita Sua (1864)

Matthew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy (1869)

------.  Literature and Dogma (1873)

Gerald Manley Hopkins, Selected Poems and Notebook entries (1875-1889)

George Eliot, Daniel Deronda (1876)

John Henry Newman, An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine (1878 , 6th edition [1st ed. 1845])

Friedrich Nietzsche, Human all too Human: a Book for Free Spirits (1878)

Fyodor Dostoyevsky, The Brothers Karamazov (1880)

Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals (1887)

Leslie Stephen, An Agnostic’s Apology (1893)

Joris-Karl Huysmans, The Cathedral (1898)

------.  The Oblate of St. Benedict (1903)

Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905)

Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (1912)



Secondary Literature (alphabetical):


I.General Theory: on Modernity and/or Secularization


Arendt, Hannah.  The Human Condition (1958)

Barnet, Stuart J.  The Enlightenment and Religion: The Myths of Modernity (2004)

Beckford, James and Dobbelaere, Karel, eds.  Secularization, Rationalism, and Sectarianism: Essays in Honour of Bryan R. Wilson (1993)

Bell, David.  “The Return of the Sacred: the Argument about the Future of Religion.”  Zygon: Journal of Religion & Science 13:3 (1978): 187-208.

Bell, Vikki.  “On the Critique of Secular Ethics: An Essay with Flannery O'Connor and Hannah Arendt.”  Theory, Culture, and Society, 22/2 (2005): 1-27.

Berger, Peter L. The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion (1967)

Blumenberg, Hans.  Legitimacy of the Modern Age (1976)

Boyer, Pascal. Religion Explained. New York: Basic Books, 2002.

Bruce, Steve, ed. Religion and Modernization: Sociologists and Historians Debate the Secularization Thesis (1992)

Bruce, Steve. God is Dead: Secularization in the West (2002)

Buckley, James.  ed. The Blackwell Companion to Catholicism (2007)

Buckley, Michael.  Denying and Disclosing God: the Ambiguous Progress of Modern Atheism (2004)

Certeau, Michel de.  The Mystic Fable (1992)

Chadwick, Owen.  The Secularization of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century (1975)

Connolly, William E.  Why I am not a Secularist (2000)

de Vries, Hent, ed. Political Theologies: Public Religions in a Post-Secular World (2006)

Dupré, Louis.  Passage to Modernity: an Essay on the Hermeneutics of Nature and Culture (1993)

------.  The Enlightenment and the Foundations of Modern Culture (2005)

Frei, Hans.  The Eclipse of Biblical Narrative (1980)

Gauchet, Marcel.  The Disenchantment of the World (1999)

Gillespie, Michael A.  The Theological Origins of Modernity (2008)

Gilley, Sheridan and Stanley, Brian, eds. The Cambridge History of Christianity, vol. 8 (2006)

Gilman, Sander L.  Jewish Self-Hatred: Anti-Semitism and the Hidden Language of the Jews (1986)

Graham, Gordon.  “Religion, Secularization and Modernity.”  Philosophy 67 (1992): 183-97.

Jager, Colin. "The Book of God: Secularization and Design in the Romantic Era" (2006)

Katz, Jacob L.  Out of the Ghetto: the Social Background of Jewish Emancipation, 1770-1870 (1998)

Keddie, Nikki R. "Secularism and Its Discontents." Daedalus 132 (summer 2003): 14–30.

Kippenberg, Hans G.  “Religious History, Displaced by Modernity” International Review for the History of Religions 47:3 (2000): 221-43

Knight, Mark and Mason, Emma.  Nineteenth-Century Religion and Literature: an Introduction (2007)

Lepenies, Wolf.  Between Literature and Science: The Rise of Sociology (1988)

Levine, David.  Darwin Loves You: Natural Selection and the Re-Enchantment of the World (2007)

Löwith, Karl.  Meaning in History: The Theological Implications of the Philosophy of History (1957)

MacIntyre, Alasdair.  Three Rival Forms of Moral Inquiry (1991)

------.  After Virtue (1981)

------.  Whose Justice? Which Rationality? (1988)

Martin, David.  On Secularization: towards a general theory (2005)

------.  Christian Language and its Mutations (2002)

------. A General Theory of Secularization (1978)

Mcbrien, Richard P.  Catholicism—A New Study Edition (1994)

Meyer, Michael A.  German-Jewish History in Modern Times, 4 vols. (1996-98)

Milbank, John.  Theology and Social Theory (2nd ed., 2006)

Pecora, Vincent.  Secularization and Cultural Criticism: Religion, Nation, and Modernity (2006)

Pfau, Thomas.  “The Philosophy of Shipwreck: Gnosticism, Skepticism, and Coleridge’s Catastrophic Modernity.”  MLN 107:4 (2007): 949-1004.

------.  “Beyond Liberal Utopia: Freedom as the Problem of Modernity.” European Romantic Review 19:2 (2008): 83-103.

Ratzinger, Joseph and Habermas, Jürgen.  The Dialectics of Secularization: on Reason and Religion (2007)

Reardon, Bernard M. G.  Religion in the Age of Romanticism (1985)

Ridley, Matt. The Origins of Virtue: Human Instincts and the Evolution of Cooperation (1996)

Royle, Edward.  Victorian Infidels: The Origins of the British Secularist Movement 1791–1866 (1974)

Schmitt, Carl.  Political Theology (Ger. 1969/Eng. 2005)

------.  Roman Catholicism and Political Form (1923/Eng. 1996)

------.  The Nomos of the Earth in the International Law of the Jus Publicum Europaeum, trans. G. L. Ulmen (1950/Eng. 2006)

Skolnik, Jonathan.  “Secularization and Disenchantment.”  New German Critique 94 (2005): 3-7.

Stark, Rodney. Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion. Berkeley: U California Press, 2002.

Surin, Kenneth.  “Contemptus Mundi and the disenchanted World: Bonhoeffer’s ‘discipline of the secret’ and Adorno’s ‘strategy of hibernation’.”  Journal of the American Academy of Religion 53:3 (1985): 383-410.

Taylor, Charles.  A Secular Age (2006)

Wernick, Andrew. Auguste Comte and the Religion of Humanity: The Post-theistic Program of French Social Theory (2001)

Wilson, David Sloan.  Darwin’s Cathedral: Evolution, Religion, and the Nature of Society (2003)

Wrathall, Mark, ed.  Religion after Metaphysics (2006)


Karl Friedrich Schinkel (and August Wilhelm Julius Ahlborn), “Gothic Cathedral near water”schinkel.htmlshapeimage_5_link_0