1739/1740 - David Hume, from A treatise of human nature
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From Part III, "Of Knowledge and Probability," Sections VII-X: "Of the nature of the idea or belief," "Of the causes of belief," "Of the effects of other relations and other habits," and "Of the influence of belief" - Though not actually concerned with religion, Hume's Treatise of Human Nature exemplifies the way in which a strictly formal and skeptical conception of philosophy as epistemological inquiry tends to reappraise notions central to religious discourse (e.g., the sacred, belief, habit, etc.). If Hume's empiricist approach leads to a skeptical view of religion, it does so because it is taken for granted that belief and a notion of god are not only susceptible to logical demonstration but also conditional on it. For a fine introduction to Hume's complex and evolving philosophy of religion, see the relevant article in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.