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Is Arendt useful for interpreting today's society?
According to the opening paragraph of Arendt's The Human Condition,
men are looking for the next "step toward escape from men's imprisonment
to the earth." (Arendt 1) Arendt proposes a model of the human
condition here on earth in which she describes citizenship as freedom
that can only be attained once necessity has been conquered. This
essay will examine how useful Arendt's model is for us today, although
the answer in reality certainly cannot be definitely yes or no.
Arendt originally proposes three aspects of the human condition; this
essay will focus on two and the changes they undergo with time as
discussed by the author. The first condition is labor, "bound
to the vital necessities produced and fed into the life process"
(Arendt 9), which was confined to the private sector. Politics, or
action, existed in a different, public sector, " a second life
. . . bios politikos" (Arendt 25). Freedom as a citizen came
when one had conquered the private sector of necessity and freely
chosen to become a part of the public sphere of action, or politics.
The two spheres of private and public blended to form society, which
is "neither public or private" (Arendt 27). This occurred
as the public sector was called upon to protect private interests
(i.e. wealth), which resulted in private issues becoming part of the
public interest. Wealth and property had been immovable in the private
sector, but as the public sector become involved, the "transformation
of immobile into mobile property" (Arendt 61) took over these
aspects to generate wealth and capital. The focus of this new society
then became "the common wealth" (Arendt 60). This new society,
known as capitalism, thrived by "expropriation . . . [which]
created both the original accumulation of wealth and the possibility
of transforming this wealth into capital through labor." (Arendt
231) Arendt's theory here may offer an explanation concerning the
hatred of certain Middle Eastern countries facing the U.S. Politics
ceased long ago to act solely in the public sphere; it is now a part
of society, whose goal is wealth. By acting in society's interests,
the U.S. government exploits poorer countries in the Middle East in
order to generate wealth and capital via labor.
Although Arendt's model and its progression into one sphere may explain
one problem, the model falls short in explaining what it means to
be a citizen in the U.S. today. As mentioned earlier, the political
sphere no longer falls under the condition of action; it has moved
into the private sector and thus under the condition of labor. Politics
is now seen as a necessary job rather than as the pursuit of freedom
from necessity. U.S. citizens realize that politics has joined society
in "an activity whose deepest motivation is worry and care about
self" (Arendt 231). Freedom is no longer found in politics; it
is found in personal expressions and our individual rights as Americans.
The new meaning of being a citizen in a capitalistic society is the
exercising of these rights and expressions. This activity seems to
be the only truly private sphere left, although this may not be the
best way to describe it because the expressions are often public.
Perhaps the best way to express modern freedom is as the last remaining
private property, under "indisputable ownership" (Arendt
62) of the citizen himself.
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| This essay begins to sort out Arendt's
philosophy and attempt to situate it in our own modern world with
the intention of finding some possible cause or solution to our ignorance
of the Arab world. |
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