References

ACHESON, S.; STEIN, R.; AND SWARTZWELDER, H.S. Impairment of semantic and figural memory by acute ethanol: Age-dependent effects. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 22:1437-1442, 1998.

ATKINSON, R.C., AND SHIFFRIN, R.M. Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In: Spence, K.W., ed., The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory. New York: Academic Press, 1968. pp. 89-195.

BEST, P.J., AND WHITE, A.M. Hippocampal cellular activity: A brief history of space. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 95:2717-2719, 1998.

BAER, J.S.; SAMPSON, P.D.; BARR, H.M.; ET AL. A 21-year longitudinal analysis of the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on young adult drinking. Archives of General Psychiatry 60:386-391, 2003.

BEST, P.J.; WHITE, A.M.; AND MINAI, A. Spatial processing in the brain: The activity of hippocampal place-cells. Annual Review of Neuroscience 24: 459-486, 2001.

BLISS, T.V.P., AND COLLINGRIDGE, G.L. A synaptic model of memory: Long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature 361:31-39, 1993.|

BLITZER, R.D.; GIL, O.; AND LANDAU, E.M. Long-term potentiation in rat hippocampus is inhibited by low concentrations of ethanol. Brain Research 537:203-208, 1990.

BURIAN, S.E.; HENSBERRY, R.; AND LIGUORI, A. Differential effects of alcohol and alcohol expectancy on risk-taking during simulated driving. Human Psychopharmacology 18:175-184, 2003.

CHIN, J.H., AND GOLDSTEIN, D.B. Effects of low concentrations of ethanol on the fluidity of spin-labeled erythrocyte and brain membranes. Molecular Pharmacology 13:435-441, 1977.

CICCOCIOPPO, R.; ANTONELLI, L.; BIONDINI, M.; ET AL Memory impairment following combined exposure to delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and ethanol in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 449(3):245-252, 2002.

CRAIK, F.I.M., LOCKHART, R.S. Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 11:671-684, 1972.

CRISWELL, H.E.; SIMSON, P.E.; DUNCAN, G.E.; ET AL. Molecular basis for regionally specific action of ethanol on gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptors: Generalization to other ligand-gated ion channels. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 267:522-537, 1993.

CURTIS, C.E., AND D'ESPOSITO, M. Persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex during working memory, Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7(9): 415-423, 2003.

DESMOND, J.E.; CHEN, S. H.; DEROSA, E.; PRYOR, M.R.; ET AL. Increased frontocerebellar activation in alcoholics during verbal working memory: An fMRI study, NeuroImage 19(4):1510-1520, 2003.

EICHENBAUM, H. The Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory: An Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.

FLEMING, R. A psychiatric concept of acute alcoholic intoxication. American Journal of Psychiatry 92:89-108, 1935.

FROMME, K.; KATZ, E.; AND D'AMICO E.J. Effects of alcohol intoxication on the perceived consequences of risk taking. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 5:14-23, 1997.

GIVENS, B., AND MCMAHON, K. Ethanol suppresses the induction of long-term potentiation in vivo. Brain Research 688:27-33, 1995.

GIVENS, B., AND MCMAHON, K. Effects of ethanol on nonspatial working memory and attention in rats. Behavioral Neuroscience 111:275-282, 1997.

GIVENS, B.; WILLIAMS, J.M.; AND GILL, T.M. Septohippocampal pathway as a site for the memory-impairing effects of ethanol. Hippocampus 10:111-121, 2000.

GODDEN, D.R., AND BADDELEY, A.D. Context-dependent memory in two natural environments: On land and under water. British Journal of Psychology 66:325-331, 1975.

GOODWIN, D.W. Alcohol amnesia. Addiction 90:315-317, 1995.

GOODWIN, D.W; CRANE, J.B.; AND GUZE, S.B. Alcoholic "blackouts": A review and clinical study of 100 alcoholics. American Journal of Psychiatry 126:191-198, 1969a.

GOODWIN, D.W.; CRANE, J.B.; AND GUZE, S.B. Phenomenological aspects of the alcoholic "blackout." British Journal of Psychiatry 115:1033-1038, 1969b.

GOODWIN, D.W.; OTHMER, E.; HALIKAS, J.A.; ET AL. Loss of short-term memory as a predictor of the alcoholic "black-out." Nature 227:201-202, 1970.

HARTZLER, B., AND FROMME, K. Fragmentary blackouts: Their etiology and effect on alcohol expectancies. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 27(4): 628-637, 2003a.

HARTZLER, B., AND FROMME, K. Fragmentary and en bloc blackouts: Similarity and distinction among episodes of alcohol-induced memory loss. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 64(4):547-550, 2003b.

JELLINEK, E.M. Phases in the drinking history of alcoholics: Analysis of a survey conducted by the official organ of Alcoholics Anonymous. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 7:1-88, 1946.

JENNISON, K.M., JOHNSON, K.A. Drinking-induced blackouts among young adults: Results from a national longitudinal study. The International Journal of the Addictions 29:23-51, 1994.

KAHKONEN, S.; WILENIUS, J.; NIKULIN, V.V.; ET AL. Alcohol reduces prefrontal cortical excitability in humans: a combined TMS and EEG study. Neuropsychopharmacology 28(4):747-754, 2003.

KENSINGER, E.A.; CLARKE, R.J.; AND CORKIN, S. What neural correlates underlie successful encoding and retrieval? A functional magnetic resonance imaging study using a divided attention paradigm. Journal of Neuroscience 23(6):2407-2415, 2003.

KNIGHT, J.R.; PALACIOS, J.N.; AND SHANNON, M. Prevalence of alcohol problems among pediatric residents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 153:1181-1183, 1999.

KRALIK, J.D.; DIMITROV, D.F.; KRUPA, D.J.; KATZ, D.B.; ET AL. Techniques for long-term multisite neuronal ensemble recordings in behaving animals. Methods 25(2):121-150, 2001.

KRIL, J.J., AND HALLIDAY, G.M. Brain shrinkage in alcoholics: A decade on and what have we learned? Progress in Neurobiology 58:381-387, 1999.

KUBOTA, M.; NAKAZAKI, S.; HIRAI, S.; ET AL. Alcohol consumption and frontal lobe shrinkage: Study of 1432 non-alcoholic subjects. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 71(1):104-106, 2001.

LEWOHL, J.M.; WANG, L.; MILES, M.F.; ET AL. Gene expression in human alcoholism: Microarray analysis of frontal cortex. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 24:1873-1882, 2000.

LISMAN, S.A. Alcoholic "blackout": State dependent learning? Archives of General Psychiatry 30:46-53, 1974.

LISTER, R.G., GORENSTEIN, C.; FISHER-FLOWERS, D.; ET AL. Dissociation of the acute effects of alcohol on implicit and explicit memory processes. Neuropsychologia 29:1205-1212, 1991.

LITTLE, H.J. The contribution of electrophysiology to knowledge of the acute and chronic effects of ethanol. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 84:333-353, 1999.

MARTIN, S.J., AND MORRIS, R.G. New life in an old idea: The synaptic plasticity and memory hypothesis revisited. Hippocampus 12:609-636, 2002.

MELLO, N.K. Short-term memory function in alcohol addicts during intoxication. In: Gross, M.M., ed. Alcohol Intoxication and Withdrawal: Experimental Studies. New York: Plenum Press, 1973. pp. 333-344.

MINTZER, M.Z, AND GRIFFITHS, R.R. Alcohol and triazolam: Differential effects on memory, psychomotor performance and subjective ratings of effects. Behavioural Pharmacology 13(8):653-658, 2002.

MIOTTO S., DARAKJIAN J, BASCH J, MURRAY S., ZOGG J, RAWSON R. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid: Patterns of use, effects and withdrawal. American Journal on Addictions 10: 232-241, 2001.

MORRISETT, R.A., AND SWARTZWELDER, H.S. Attenuation of hippocampal long-term potentiation by ethanol: A patch-clamp analysis of glutamatergic and GABAergic mechanisms. Journal of  Neuroscience 13:2264-2272, 1993.

MOSELHY, H.F.; GEORGIOU, G.; AND KAHN, A. Frontal lobe changes in alcoholism: A review of the literature. Alcohol and Alcoholism 36(5):357-368, 2001.

MUMENTHALER, M.S.; TAYLOR, J.L.; O'HARA, R.; ET AL. Gender differences in moderate drinking effects. Alcohol Research & Health 23:55-64, 1999.

NELSON, E.C.; MADDEN, P.A.F.; BUCHOLZ, K.K.; ET AL. Alcohol dependence, blackouts, and alcohol-related risk-taking. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 26(Suppl.): 118A, 2002.

NORDBY, K.; WATTEN, R.G.; RAANAAS, R.K.; AND MAGNUSSEN, S. Effects of moderate doses of alcohol on immediate recall of numbers: Some implications for information technology. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 60(6):873-878, 1999.

O'MALLEY, P.M., AND JOHNSTON, L.D. Epidemiology of alcohol and other drug use among American college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 14(Suppl.):23-39, 2002.

ORR, G.; RAO, G.; HOUSTON, F.P.; ET AL. Hippocampal synaptic plasticity is modulated by theta rhythm in the fascia dentata of adult and aged freely behaving rats. Hippocampus 11(6):647-654, 2001.

OTTEN, L.J.; HENSON, R.N.A.; AND RUGG, M.D. Depth of processing effects on neural correlates of memory encoding--relationship between findings from across--and within-task comparisons. Brain 124:399-412, 2001.

PARKER, E.S.; BIRNBAUM, I.M.; AND NOBLE, E.P. Alcohol and memory: Storage and state dependency. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour 15:691-702, 1976.

PEOPLES, R.W., AND STEWART, R.R. Alcohols inhibit N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors via a site exposed to the extracellular environment. Neuropharmacology 10:1681-1691, 2000.

PEOPLES, R.W.; LI, C.; AND WEIGHT, F.F. Lipid vs. protein theories of alcohol action in the nervous system. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 36:185-201, 1996.

POIKOLAINEN, K. Blackouts increase with age, social class and the frequency of intoxication. Acta Neurological Scandinavica 66:555-560, 1982.

PYAPALI, G.K.; TURNER, D.A.; WILSON, W.A.; AND SWARTZWELDER, H.S. Age and dose-dependent effects of ethanol on the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation. Alcohol 19(2):107-111, 1999.

RANGANATH, C.; JOHNSON, M.K.; AND D'ESPOSITO, M. Prefrontal activity associated with working memory and episodic long-term memory. Neuropsychologia 41:378-389, 2003.

RYBACK, R.S. Alcohol amnesia: Observations in seven drinking inpatient alcoholics. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 31:616-632, 1970.

RYBACK, R.S. The continuum and specificity of the effects of alcohol on memory. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 32:995-1016, 1971.

SAUM, C.A., AND INCIARDI, J.A. Rohypnol misuse in the United States. Substance Use & Misuse 32(6):723-731, 1997.

SCHUMMERS, J., AND BROWNING, M.D. Evidence for a role for GABA(A) and NMDA receptors in ethanol inhibition of long-term potentiation. Brain Research 94:9-14, 2001.

SCOVILLE, W.B., AND MILNER, B. Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 20:11-21, 1957.

SHASTRI, L. Episodic memory and cortico-hippocampal interactions, Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6(4):162-168, 2002.

STEFFENSEN, S.C.; YECKEL, M.F.; MILLER, D.R.; ET AL. Ethanol-induced suppression of hippocampal long-term potentiation is blocked by lesions of the septohippocampal nucleus. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 17:655-659, 1993.

SWARTZWELDER, H.S.; WILSON, W.A.; AND TAYYEB, M.I. Differential sensitivity of NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic potentials to ethanol in immature vs. mature hippocampaus. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 19:320-323, 1995.

SWEENEY, D.F. Alcoholic blackouts: Legal implications. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 7:155-159, 1990.

SWEENEY, D.F. Alcoholic versus mnemosyne -- Blackouts.. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 6:159-162, 1989.

TAPERT, S.F.; BROWN, G.G.; KINDERMANN, S.S.; ET AL. fMRI measurement of brain dysfunction in alcohol-dependent young women. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 25:236-245, 2001.

TIIHONEN, J.; KUIKKA, J.; HAKOLA, P.; ET AL. Acute ethanol-induced changes in cerebral blood flow. American Journal of Psychiatry 151:1505-1508, 1994.

VOLKOW, N.D.; MULLANI, N.; GOULD, L.; ET AL. Effects of acute alcohol intoxication on cerebral blood flow measured with PET. Psychiatry Research 24:201-209, 1988.

WALL, P.M., AND MESSIER, C. The hippocampal formation-orbitomedial prefrontal cortex circuit in the attentional control of active memory. Behavioral Brain Research 127:99-117, 2001.

WANG, G.J.; VOLKOW, N.D.; FRANCESCHI, D.; ET AL. Regional brain metabolism during alcohol intoxication. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 24:822-829, 2000.

WECHSLER, H.; LEE, J.E.; KUO, M.; ET AL. Trends in college binge drinking during a period of increased prevention efforts. Findings from 4 Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study surveys: 1993-2001. Journal of American College Health 50:203-217, 2002.

WEISSENBORN, R., AND DUKA, T. State-dependent effects of alcohol on explicit memory: The role of semantic associations. Psychopharmacology 149(1): 98-106, 2000.

WEISSENBORN, R., AND DUKA, T. Acute alcohol effects on cognitive function in social drinkers: Their relationship to drinking habits. Psychopharmacology 165(3):306-312, 2003.

WESTRICK, E.R.; SHAPIRO, A.P.; NATHAN, P.E.; AMD BRICK, J. Dietary tryptophan reverses alcohol-induced impairment of facial recognition but not verbal recall. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 12:531-533, 1988.

WHITE, A.M. What happened? Alcohol, blackouts, and the brain. Alcohol Research and Health; The Journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2004 in press.

WHITE, A.M., AND BEST, P.J. Effects of ethanol on hippocampal place-cell and interneuron activity. Brain Research 876:154-165, 2000.

WHITE, A.M.; SIMSON, P.E.; AND BEST, P.J. Comparison between the effects of ethanol and diazepam on spatial working memory in the rat. Psychopharmacology 133:256-261, 1997.

WHITE, A.M.; GHIA, A.J.; LEVIN, E.D.; AND SWARTZWELDER, H.S. Binge-pattern ethanol exposure in adolescent and adult rats: Differential effects on subsequent ethanol exposure. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 24:1251-1256, 2000a.

WHITE, A.M.;MATTHEWS, D.B.; AND BEST, P.J.  Ethanol, memory and hippocampal function: a review of recent findings. Hippocampus 10:88-93, 2000b.

WHITE, A.M.; JAMIESON-DRAKE, D.W.; AND SWARTZWELDER, H.S. Prevalence and correlates of alcohol-induced blackouts among college students: Results of an e-mail survey. Journal of American College Health 51:117-131, 2002a.

WHITE, A.M.; MATTHEWS, D.B.; AND BEST, P.J. Ethanol, memory and hippocampal function: A review of recent findings. Hippocampus 10:88-93, 2002b.

WHITE, A.M.; ROBERTS, D.C.; AND BEST, P.J. Context specific tolerance to the ataxic effects of ethanol. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 72:107-110, 2002c.

WHITE, A.M.; SIGNER, M.L.; KRAUS, C.L.; AND SWARTZWELDER, H.S. Experiential aspects of alcohol-induced blackouts among college students. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2004 in press.

ZOLA-MORGAN, S.; SQUIRE, L.R.; AND AMARAL, D.G. Human amnesia and the medial temporal lobe region: Enduring memory impairment following a bilateral lesion limited to field CA1 of the hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience 6:2950-2967, 1986.