Outline of
Roberts, A History of Europe
Book Five - Chapter I
J. M. Roberts, A History of Europe. New York: Allen Lane, c1996.
Book Five: Europe's twentieth century: the era of European civil war
growth in Europeans' collective and individual power [411]
material privileges unknown to most inhabitants of the rest of the
globe [411]
I. Pressures and strains
A. European identity in a changing world
1.outpouring of Europeans overseas before 1914 [412]
2.after 1945 new phenomenon of immigration to Europe [412]
3.Malthusian crisis of over-population ceased to be a bogey for Europeans
[412]
B. Privilege and democracy
C. Women in politics and society
D. The politics of mass society
1.By 1900 - modern political party [418]
2.new nineteenth-century discovery of public opinion [418]
a.spreading literacy
b.new cheap press - emotionalism and sensationalism - advertising campaigns
418]
E. Social fear
1.by 1900 majority of western Europeans were town- dwellers [419]
2.by 1914 more than 140 European cities of over 100,000 inhabitants
3."slums" (word invented in 19th century) inspired fear [419]
4.Russia-upheaval in countryside [420]
5.Italy - barely-contained revolution in 1898 and 1914
6.Spain streetfighting in 1909 [420]
F. The spectre of socialism
1.Organization of working classes for
a.political combat through the ballot-box
b.industrial struggle through trades unions [420]
G. Religion in European public life S
1."The idea of Christendom no longer had any political content. Already
in the nineteenth century religion had been at most a palliative or mitigation
of conflict and at worst had sometimes played an inflammatory role." [422]
2.1882. Nietzsche "had already announced that 'God is dead'. [422]
H. Changing mentalities
1.It has already been argued that one of the most effective, though
often indirect forces undermining mass support for traditional religion
was science." [423]
2.Science visible through applications (planes, cars, turbines, anaesthetic,
steels, phones [423] S
3.Science seen in medicine: antiseptics and anaesthetic, treatment
of infection, X- rays [423]
4.Science contributed to growing sense of strain [423-24]
a.problems posed to traditional religion
b.discoveries often encouraged determinisms
c.anthropology and study of human mind suggested relativism
5."By 1914 there were signs that liberal, rational, enlightened Europe
was under strain just as much as traditional, religious and conservative
Europe. Some people already found it hard to be sure that there were such
things as absolute values." [424]
I. Cracks in the European world hegemonyH Mo
1. c.1900 fear of "Yellow Peril"
2. "Noisy appreciation of the stimulus and variety brought to European
art by awareness and enjoyment of Japanese prints, or of African sculpture."
[424]
3.Most of non-European world's surface was governed outright or through
puppet rules by Europeans of those of European stock. [424]
a. almost universally held belief in innate superiority
(1) whether cultural and temporary or
(2) ethnic and permanent
b. "White Man's Burden"
c. Shock at atrocities (Boer War) but imperialism acceptable
J. New competitors: Young Turks
1. 1908 first European political crisis of new century - Hapsburg monarchy
annexed Ottoman provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2. "Young Turks"
a. staged revolution in 1907
b.strove to promote reform and modernization
(1)taking European practice as their model
(2) sought constitutional rule on European model
c. Wanted modernization in order to resist European interference
1. alliance
between Japan and Great Britain
2. Japanese victory over Russia (Korea and Manchuria) - i.e. Oriental
power won over European power for first time since middle ages
L. Troubled empires - India [429-31]
Outline of Book Five, Chapter I, of Roberts, A
History of Europe
Outline of Book Five, Chapter II, of Roberts,
A History of Europe
Outline of Book Five, Chapter III, of Roberts,
A History of Europe
Outline of Book Five, Chapter IV, of Roberts,
A History of Europe
Outline of Book Five, Chapter V, of Roberts,
A History of Europe
Outline of Book Six, Chapter I, of Roberts, A
History of Europe
Outline of Book Six, Chapter II, of Roberts,
A History of Europe
Outline of Book Six, Chapter III, of Roberts,
A History of Europe
Outline of Book Six, Chapter IV, of Roberts,
A History of Europe
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