Outline of 
Roberts, A History of Europe
Book Five - Chapter III

III. European revolution

1."The twentieth century swept away the European domination which was the basis of international order in 1900, a gigantic historical change, the end of a phase in both global andEuropean history.[448]
2."That process was accompanied by revolution in Europeitself, a ragged and untidy business, but one whose effects justify the term, not merely in the sense of transformations ofpolitics and society, but in ides and culture, too.{448]
3."Paradoxically, while the twentieth century had been notable for wider and wider and more and more enthusiastic adoption of European ideas, institutions and standards in non-European parts of the world, it also deprived Europeans of their confidence in many of the assumptions and beliefs which lay at the roots of their civilization."[448]
4."In these huge transformations, whose origins in some cases have already been shown to lie very deep indeed, the Great War was a major catalyst, if not the most important one."[448]
5.War bogged down - became siege warfare [448]
a.Britain last to have conscription (1916)[449]
b.Britain first to have income tax
c.British Ministry of Food - first taste of socialism in practice [449]
6.First war of internal-combustion engine [450]
7.Vast increase in demand - influence in USA too
a.Inflation
b.Government interference with economy
c.government direction and sometimes conscription of labor
d.revolutionizing of women's employment
e.introduction of new health and welfare services
f.USA ceased to be a debtor nation [450]
8.Technical innovation made war all-consuming.
a.Poison gas, flame-throwers, tanks
b.Engagement of whole societies in warfare/treatment of whole societies as targets[450-1]
(1)blockade, direct bombardment and bombing from air [451]
(2)propaganda campaign
(a)possibilities of mass literacy
(b)cinema industry
c.submarines - started, stopped, then unrestricted
(1)affected American shipping - US in war April 6, 1917 [451]

1.Russian empire collapsed [452]
a.Feb 1917 - food riots, mutiny
b.Tsar abdicated
c.new government failed
d.Lenin helped to Russia by Germans
e.coup, = October Revolution - 1917
2. Revolutionary propaganda toward capitalist countries [452-3]
a. Allies - military 'interventions' in Russia
b. Russians saw as anti-Russian
c.justify Russian revolutions's turn backward into authoritarian government [453]

1.Allies propaganda to nationalities of Austria- Hungarian empire
a.reawakened national sentiment
b.Balkan campaign [453]

1.fear of revolution throughout near-East [454]
2.1914 Indian-British army protect oil supplies from Persia
3.British in Palestine - 1917 take Jerusalem
4.Balfour Declaration November 1917 - British favor national home in Palestine for Jewish people

1.10,000,000 men died as result of direct military action [455]

1.Treaty of Versailles June 28, 1919 [456-7]
a.Versailles was the first great European peace to be made by statesmen continually aware of the dangers of disappointing democratic electorates [458]
b."To this day the peace settlement retains the distinction of being the only one in history made by great powers all of which were democracies."[460]
2.British, French and Americans dominated negotiations[457]
a.Wilson US motivated "by high-minded ideals and a belief that the world could be made safe for democracy." [460]
3.17 of 27 signing states were from other continents[457]
4.no Russian representative
5.punitive
a.boundaries redrawn
(1)Alsace/Lorraine to France
(2)Poland regained
b.economic reparation
6.Principles of self-determination and nationality
a.Poland Czechoslovakia
b.Future Yugoslavia
c.Danube's economic unity broken up
d.minorities resentfully in states...
7.Mandates over territories

1.transcended Europe
2.US opted out
3.Russia not a part
4. Unrealistic hopes of the peace
a."The days of a European world hegemony in the narrowest political sense had been ended by the Great War."[460]
5.US in unrealistic isolation after war
6. Economic fragility
a.tariffs, exchange control
b.Inflation
c.Germany lost largest potential market - Russia
d.Dependence on continued prosperity of US

1.Revolutionary communist part now in every European country
a.divided socialists into two camps
b.German Social Democrats and French Socialists claimed to be Marxist but were independent of Russian control[461]
2.Split Europe culturally and politically - Europe had a new boundary to the East [463]
3. Britain first west European state to have official relations with Russia - 1912 [461]
4.1921 drought and famine in Russia [464]
5.Lenin died in 1924 - period of evolution and explicit and implicit debate
a.One viewpoint: rev depends on goodwill of peasants
(1) New Economic Policy
(2) peasants can make profits for themselves
b.Second viewpoint - rely on revolutionary militants of cities - Trotsky's view
(1)economic development
(2)promote revolution abroad[464]
c.Stalin took power - followed Trotsky's view
(1)drive to industrialize paramount
(2)two 'Five Year Plans' collectivized agriculture [465]
(3) millions of peasants killed or transported
6."The establishment of the USSR and the dividing of Europe in a new way was in fact the preliminary to a new ideological division of the world, which was to remain for seventy years part of the context in which Europe had to work out its fate. The single civilized world of 1914, with its shared assumptions at many levels, and seemingly irresistible progressive tendency to spread the pursuit of the same goals, had gone." [465]
7. Russia= citadel and place of arms for world revolution
8.European history becoming more difficult to separate from world history.
9."The potential of imperial Russia was such that had she escaped defeat and been among the victorious allies of 1918, with their old rival Austria-Hungary in a state of disintegration and Germany disarmed, she would then at once have assumed the continental predominance which the USSR was to display only in 1945." [465]

1. 1922 German and Russian governments - agreement, exchange ambassadors
2. French/Belgium occupied Ruhr
3.Change of French government -= improved relations with Germany
4.American humanitarian aid to Germany
5.Statesmen talk of appeasement and reconciliation
6.agreements at Locarno at end of 1925
a.ended distinction of enemy and allied powers
b.reconciled France and Germany
c.guarantee frontiers of France and Belgium
7.Germany admitted to League of nations in 1926 [466]