Outline of
Roberts, A History of Europe
Book Five - Chapter V
V. The last years of European illusion[482]
H Lit
A. New politics
1.Changing global context - not well recognized
2.Pre-1914 world gone
3.Irresistible involvement in politics of the masses
a.existing political parties adapted
b.political effects of mass literacy
(1)mass press
(2)1920s intro of 'wireless' broadcasting
(a)1930s - new power of those who controlled access to radio - Germany
and USSR
(3) cinema[482]
4.Communism led to generalized anti-Marxist reaction in 1920s[483]
5.Fascism = rejections of liberalism and strong anti- Marxism. [483]
a.Mussolini[484]
b.Sought power by any means - fascist thugs harassed socialists and
working- class organizations
c.1921 national fascist part
d.1922 king called on Mussolini to form a government
e.926 government by decree began
f.1929 Lateran Treaty - pope recognized legitimacy of Italian state[484]
B. A new authoritarianism -
1.fascism
a.new and post-liberal[485]
b.expressions of mass society
c.new emphasis on youth, energy, and revolution
d.in practice compromised with conservatives
e.authoritarian
f.intensely nationalist
g.anti-Marxist
h.Only in Germany did fascism succeed in mastering historical conservatism[485]
i.1918-1938 only succeeded in Italy and Germany
(1)ideologists and actives spoke of
(2)new radical politics
(3)rhetoric of energy, idealism, will-power and sacrifice
(4)physical violence against opponents
(5)looked forward to rebuilding society without respect to vested interests
or concessions to materialists
(6)stressed modernity
(7)ideas often rooted in avant-garde ideas from before 1914
2.Other countries -
a.authoritarian
(1)large poverty-stricken agricultural populations
(2)huge social inequalities
(3)underdevelopment
(4)boundary changes
(5)search for someone to blame
(6)alien minorities
b.1929 Yugoslav king set aside constitutional government
c.new Baltic states
d.Poland
e.all successor states of
f.Dual Monarchy except Czechoslovakia
3.waning of the attractive power of the liberal assumptions of pre-1914[485]
C. The re-emergence of the German question (Weimar Republic)[486]
1.weight given by geography, population and industrial power[486]
2.Germans seek revision of Versailles
3.Germany entered League of Nations 1926
4.economic depression loosed destructive nationalist and social forces
5.Russia couldn't help with containment
6.American would not help - self-absorbed isolation[487]
7.Britain and France at odds
8.Italy not against Germany by 1938
9.Italy invaded Ethiopia 1935
a.League criticized but didn't solve[487]
D. Ideology in international relations
1.Italy allied itself to Germany - anti-communist crusade[488]
2. Soviet Union 1930
a.industrialization
b.savage intensification of dictatorship
c.collectivization
d.1934 terror against regime members too
e.millions executed, imprisoned, exiled
3. Soviet propaganda-siege mentality
4.Not one successful socialist or communist evolution in Europe between
wars [488]
5.Great Britain toward Welfare State[489]
6.Scandinavian farther
a.political democracy
b.social provision
c.egalitarianism
7.France - large active community party, but not majority
E. Hitler's revolution
1.1933 Hitler took power
a.National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi) strong enough - appointed
chancellor[489]
b.storm troopers = anti-communist insurance[491
c.rearmament, revision of Versailles
d.government monopoly of radio
e.intimidation
f.vote special enabling powers - govern by emergency decree
g.success because
(1)used terror against enemies
(2)especially against Jews
(3)fear of violence, informers, and secret police
(4)patriotic enthusiasm
(5)end of unemployment
(6)effective positive propaganda[491]
F. The path to war
1.Mussolini became Hitler's ally
2.civil war in Spain - both sent help for Franco
3.Soviets encouraged Popular Fronts - in Spain
4.1935 Germany began rearmament
5.1938 Hitler seized Austria - Anschluss
6.seized part of Czechoslovakia
7.Munich 1938 - Chamberlain
8.rest of Czechoslovakia March 1939
a.British decided guarantee not operative
9.Germany seized Memel
10.Poland
a.British government offered guarantee to Poland
b.Germany and Soviet Union agreed to partition of Poland - 1939 [493
c.Hitler attacked Poland 9/1/39[493]
G. The second German war
1.Britain and France declared war on Germany 9/3/39
2.tried blockade[494]
3.German successful - supplies from Norway and Denmark...[495] etc.
H. The Second World War
1.America supplies Great Britain - Lend Lease Act 1941[497]
2.Japan attacked British, Dutch, and American possessions 12/7/41
3.Hitler declared war on US-1941[497]
4.etc.
I. The meaning of victory
1.victors saw prison camps for slave labor, - terror and torture [499]
2."Final Solution"
a.changed demographic map of Europe
b.between 6,000,000 and 7,000,000 Jews died
3.Led to "doubt about the validity of a civilization, of any meaning to
European history, to a withering of beliefs about human nature, its capacity
for rational self-direction, benevolence, and its potential for progressive
improvement."[500]
4."No governments had actually engaged in the war because they saw
it as a struggle against Nazi wickedness..."
5.new international organizations by 1945[500]
J. Europe in 1945
1.unparalleled destruction
2.millions of refugees wandering
3.abundant arms in private hands
4.1945 Yalta
a.new division of Europe into western and eastern halves - communism
by war not revolution
b.Germany - zones
5.Italy and France had larger communist parties
6.Great Britain retained stature in world's eyes, but her moment was
past [501]
7.America had kept GB afloat
a.insisted on sale of overseas assets[503]
b.American capital move into old Dominions
c.American had commanded last assault on Europe (not British)
d.Roosevelt (not Churchill) negotiated with Stalin[503]
Outline of Book Five, Chapter I, of Roberts, A
History of Europe
Outline of Book Five, Chapter II, of Roberts,
A History of Europe
Outline of Book Five, Chapter III, of Roberts,
A History of Europe
Outline of Book Five, Chapter IV, of Roberts,
A History of Europe
Outline of Book Five, Chapter V, of Roberts,
A History of Europe
Outline of Book Six, Chapter I, of Roberts, A
History of Europe
Outline of Book Six, Chapter II, of Roberts,
A History of Europe
Outline of Book Six, Chapter III, of Roberts,
A History of Europe
Outline of Book Six, Chapter IV, of Roberts,
A History of Europe
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