Outline of 
Roberts, A History of Europe
Book Six - Chapter II

II. Europe and global Cold War

1.People's Democratic Republic of China - 1949 [524]
2. Two Koreas 1948
a.1950 Security Council voted to resist aggression again member state - S Korea
b.Truman sent American forces
(1)Other nations sent troops too
c.Early success to close to Manchurian border
d.Chinese forces intervened
e.America - held back from major war, upheld S Korea [525]
f.l953 armistice
3.Vietnam
a.China supplied arms to communist guerrilla forces in Vietnam
b.1953 French gave up Cambodia and Laos
c.l954 France lost Dien Bien Phu
d.Geneva conference partitioned Vietnam pending elections
(1)US backed So Vietnam - indigenous non- communist
(2)Indo Chinese communists, nationalists and reformers with Chinese and Soviet patrons

1.Israel focused Arab feeling [527]
2.armistices establish Israel's borders till 1967
3.1954 Algerian revolution
4.Revolution in Egypt brings in Nassar
a.GB evacuate Suez
b.Recognize communist China
c.Am and British withdraw financing of dam on Nile
d.Nassar seized assets of Suez Canal
e.British and French plotted Nassar's overthrow [528]
5.1956 Israelis invaded Egypt
6.British and French announce Canal in danger
7.Attack on Egypt
8.US forced British to accept cease-fire
9.Soviet's crushed revolution in Hungary
10.l962 independence for Algeria [528]
11.USSR took pro-Arab line
12.Oil - 1950s discovery
a.luxuries for rich

1.WW I eliminated German possessions
2.WW II eliminated Italian possessions
3.Only independent countries - Liberia and Union of South Africa (in British Commonwealth)
4.By 1961
a.South African fully independent
b.24 new African states
5.By l975 Portugal's possessions free too
6.Borders = those of colonies
7.l957-l969 - 12 wars in Africa
a.Belgian Congo
b.Nigeria
8.Union of South African
a.l945 dominated by Afrikaans Boers with grievances against British
b.entered WWII in 1939 on British side
c.Afrikaners favored co-operation with Nazies
d.apartheid
9.Southern Rhodesia seceded from Commonwealth i 1965
a.UN sanctions

1.Sociological change - Return of former inhabitants of former colonies [431]
2.Psychological - old assumptions disappear [432]
3.Wealth in European increased throughout century -
a. result of preservation of peace
b. American $ - Marshall Plan
c.International rivalry
d.Europe rebuilt and restored by 1953
e.golden age of economic growth till early 1970s
f.Europe growth rate of 4.6 percent real GDP [432]
4.Eastern Europe [433]
a.also economic growth but less striking
b.political authority = decisive factor
5.1960s less domination by US and USSR
6.West - unprecedented and prolonged surge of prosperity - 3 great industrial nations
a.US
b.Europe and Russia
c.Japan [533]
7.Steel-producers
a.1900 and 1960 US and German top
b.United Kingdom 3rd in 1910, 10th in 1960
c.1982 Poland more steel than US in 1900
8.New industries - higher standards of living
9."Cheaper power and materials for the production of goods have offset rising costs of labor. Improving transport has further lowered costs. An enormous growth in the production of commodities directly for the use and pleasure of the European consumer has been the outcome. [534]
10."Such changes, like others, were symptoms of more than an economic trend. They reflect also the major theme already apparent in the political sphere: the increasing difficulty of distinguishing between European and world history. Niceties of timing are hard to establish, but it appears broadly true that the new abundance was first to be seen in American life, then in Europe, and was later to spread to other continents. Its importance was immediately apparent in a growing flow of material goods and an improving standard of life, but those facts in themselves implied and promoted other changes, also to be shared among developed societies round the globe. A certain level of material life brought with it changes in attitudes and ideas - in part, this was the last belated triumph of Europe as a global cultural influence, the end of the story which had begun with the export of the European state, European religion and European culture four centuries earlier. Such changes went beyond the superficialities of taste and fashion (which, in any case, often reflected the impact of Europe's American derivatives). For example, for all the cultural variety of European countries, virtually all had to confront notable changes in the attitudes and behaviour of their young people in the 1960s and 1970s. The supreme accolade was given to the young: commercial acknowledgement in the form of targeted merchandising, entertainment and journalism. For the first time, something like an international youth culture made its appearance. in some places for a time this produced a certain turbulence. Attention-catching though this was, it was largely froth, the least profound manifestation of a great change. A new internationalizing of taste, values and assumptions among young people was much more important. It was based on the new prosperity and the wealth to which it gave access (in many ways: to survive without employment was in some countries much easier than in earlier times, thanks to the increasing readiness of democratic electorates to vote for social welfare). Wealth brought privileges in leisure and movement, as well as cheaper and more material goods. But the stirring of youth also reflected new communications. By the 1960s 'mass' communication no longer meant just the popular newspapers which had done so much to educate and mould the early twentieth-century European towndweller, newly literate as a result of mass schooling. Change began with radio [end 534] broadcasting in the 1920s and 1930s though it had barely begun to indicate what was coming before the sweeping aside of Gutenberg's world came about through the even more powerful (because so much more immediately and irrationally persuasive) medium of television." [534-5]

1.Stalin
a.1953 Stalin died
b.USSR hydrogen bomb
c.Staline gave "the country the industrial andmilitary strength to survive the worst threat it ever faced fromabroad. After the war, he rebuilt the tsarist empire and more and made the USSR a superpower." [535]
2. GFR and GDR moved further apart
a.East Ger - GDR
(1)1954 Moscow announced eastern Ger had fullsovereignty
(2)Soviet created Warsaw Pact
(3)GDR - Oder-Neisse frontier with Poland
(4)Ruled by revolutionary communists
b.West Germany
(1)1954 West Germany entered NATO
(2)Federal structure,
(3)non-militarist
(4)Catholic and Social Democratic compete forpower
3.1955 settlement [536]
a.occupying forces withdrawn fro Austria
b.Italian-Yugoslav border dispute settled
c.Last US and British troops withdrawn fromTrieste
4.1948 Soviet advisers recalled from Yugoslavia
a.Yugoslavia expelled from Cominform
b.vitriolic attacks on "Titoism"
c.Albania fell out with USSR in 1961 - still hostile to Yugoslavia

1.Portugal and Spain -
a.after l945 dictators
b.but clearly on westerns side
2.Sense of European unity
a.Soviet threat - gave European countries new reasons to co-operate
b.shared European values
c.decline of power of individual European states
d.OEEC in 1948
(1)later joined by FDR, Spain and Finland
(2)1961 became Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development
(a)US and Canada members
e.1949 Council of Europe
(1)by 1990 grew from 10 to 23
f.Customs unions
(1)1948 Benelux countries
(2) France and italy
g.1951 European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
(1)(Fr, It, Benelux, WGer)
3.Communist cease to take part in government
a.1947 in Italy and France
b.Anti-communist opinion -
(1)Roman Catholic (encyclicals of Leo XIII) or social democrats = moderate right-wing [537-8]
(2) economic recovery
(3)welfare service provision
(4)western European integration in practicalmatters
4.European unity
a.1955 France admitted to NATO
b.l957 European Atomic Community
c.European Economic Community (Common Market)
(1)Customs Union
(2)System of Commissions
(3)Council of Ministers
(4)Court of Justice
(5)European Parliament with advisory powers
(6)GB did not join at first, later refused admission twice before allowed
(7)Common Agricultural Policy
d."A truly focused European self-consciousness was for the first time a reality, beginning even in the 1950s to be visible among civil servants, industrialists and businessmen. Its emergence of course also provoked very hostile and nationalist feelings insome places." [539]

1.Krushchev - 1956 speach
a.denounced misdeed of Stalin
b.declared "coexistence"
c.reductions in Soviet armaments
2. Problems
a.Suez USSR
(1)supports Egypt
(2)threatens GB and France
b.Supression of revolution in Hungary
(1)UN General Assembly condemned twice

1.USSR strengthened GDR
a.l961 Berlin Wall
b.Ended escapes to West
(1)1959-140,000
(2)1960 200,000
(3)1961 before wall 100,000
2.Cuba
a.1959 Castro approved at first
b.Castro took over US business interests
c.US broke of diplomatic relations
d.Bay of Pigs 1961
e.1962 Cuban missile crisis
3.US superiority in ICBMs
4.US and USSR agree on restriction of testing nuclear weapons in space, atmosphere or underwater

1.Krushchev removed from office
a.deStalinization
b.failure of agricultural policy
c.Cuba
d.cultural thaw
2.US and USSR more alike
a.USSR old age pensions from 1956
b.USSR scientific and industrial base comparable to US
c.1957 USSR exploration of space [543]
d."Soviety society was by 1970 beginning to show other signs of strain, too. Dissent and criticism particularly of restraints upon intellectual freedom, had become more audible and visible. Increasing anti-social behaviour showed itself in hooliganism, corruption and alcoholism. [544]
e.USSr still plice state - jammed foreign broadcasting

1.Communist China - emergence as power in her own right
2.1955 non-aligned states of Africa and Asia = Third World
3.Russia and China differ
a.Russa for Pakistan, China for India
b.Albania for China,[544] comdemned USSR [545]
c.Romania contested direction of economy by Comecon (China supports)
d.1968 Czechoslovakia liberalize internal structure
(1)invaded in August 1968

1.GB completed decolonization in 1960s
a.remained outside European integration - not in European Community in 1967 [545]
2.De Gaulle [546]
a.Algeria
(1)returned to politics in 1958 - Algerian civil war
(2) negotiated constitutional reforms
(3)1961 liquidation of Algerian commitment
b. EEC to protect French interests
(1) vetoed GB application twice
c. Recognized communist China
d.France build own nuclear weapons
e.Withdrew from NATO
f.1966 Luxembourg compromise - national right to veto within EEC's Council of ministers
g.resigned 1968

1.1959 Socialists accepted free enterprise and competition [546]
a.Brandt - 1969 first socialist chancellor since 1930 [547]
2. State ment about 'two German states within one German nation' [547]