Outline of
Roberts, A History of Europe
Book Six - Chapter IV
IV. A new order in the making?
A. The break-up of Yugoslavia [563]
1.Europe
a.Economic recession in Europe beginning 1988
b.Deflation of Eudropean confidenc and euphoria with dissolution of
Yugoslavia
2.Yugoslavia
a.1389 Ottomans overthre medieval Serbian kingdom at Kosovo
b.Even 1950 some Moslem women wore veil
c.1918 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Solvenes
d.1929 royal dictatorship called Yugoslavia (=Greater Serbia")
e.1934 king assassinated by Macedonian aided by Croats with support
of Hungary and Italy
f.1931 census:
(1)Serbo-Croats, Solvenes, Germans, Magyars, Rumanians, Vlachs, Albanians,
Turks, Other Slavs
(2)Serbo-Croats=Montenegrins, Bosnians, Moslems, Macedonians, Bulgarians,
Serbs, Croats
g.Religions [564]
(1)4/5 = Catholic or Orthodox
(2)ll% Moslems
h.Disparities
(1)Macedonia barely out of middle ages
(2)Solvenia urbanized indistrialized
i.1941 German invasion, civil war j.1945 Communist victory, Tito dictator
3.1990 - double crisis: economic and political
a.consituent republics had new elected majorities
b.National minorities appeared within republics
c.June 1991 Croatia and Slovenia declared independence
d.End of 1991 Bosnia-herzegovina also
e.Christmas 1991 - Germany recognized Croatia[565]
f.Early 1992 EU did so
g.Serbia fought for unity (unlike USSR)
(1)attempted to seize Dubrovni
B. The end of the USSR [565]
1.August 1991 attempted coup d'etat. Gprbachev back in 3 days
2.Boris Yeltsin too control of Soviet institutions on Russian territory
[566]
a.replacement of Soviet officialdom
b.redifinition of role of KGB
c.demolition of communist party
3.December 1991 Russian, Ukrainian and Belorussian leaders at Minsk
a.announced end of USSR,
b.estab of new commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
c.Meeting December 21 confirmed
d.Christmas Day Gorbachev resigned voluntarily
C. European integration [567
1.New Year's Day 1990 President of France spoke of one Europe
2.1991 Maastricht treaty for
a.single European market
b.timetable for monetary union
c.citizenship of EU to nationals of member states (except UK, exemption)
d.common standards in work practices and some social beneifts
e.Danes rejected in referendum
3.Practical difficulties
a.Germany, re-unified - deficit
b.Economic recession in member states
4.Exchange Rate Mechanisim
a.1992 Italy and United Kingdome out of ERM
b.1993 Ireland out
5.Germany
a.Mitteleuropa idea
b.befrind enlargment of EC to east
6.Mid 1990s
a. convergences of culture - esp popular
b.standarizing of consumption
c.Failed with Yugoslav question
(1)(America took over 1995)
7.Question of enlargment of union
a.Turkey?
b.Norwegians rejected
8.Tendency to elect conservative governments
D. The Islamic bogy
1.1972 Middle East terroists murdered Israeli Olympic team at Munich
2.Iranian revolution
a.fundamentalist
b.anti-modernism
3.Afghan mujaheddin against Soviet army
4.1990 Islamic party won in Algeria
5.Former Ottoman Empire
6.Oil in middle east
7.Iran-Iraq war in 1980s - 8 years [574]
8.1990 Iraqi armies invaded Kuwait
a.Palestinians and king of Jordan with Iraq
b.Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Egypt allied with American leadership
c.British and French with Americans from Saudi Arabia
9.Substantial immigrant minorities in European countries [575]
E. The new Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent
States
1.Yeltsin won in four elections
2.Radical economic reform
3.Rising unemployment
4.Treaty in 1992 by 18 or 20 autonomous republics within Russia
5.New constitution
6.1994 insurrection in Chechnya
7.1995 elections majority for reaction, against further reform
F. European disorder [577]
1.National and minority problems
2.Jews in Europe
a.Virtual elmination of Jewish population in some countries
(1)Only 6,000 left in Poland
(2)1,000,000 in CIS esp Russia
3.Ireland
4.Transylvania
5.Bosnia
Postscript: Facing the twenty-first century
Outline of Book Five, Chapter I, of Roberts, A
History of Europe
Outline of Book Five, Chapter II, of Roberts,
A History of Europe
Outline of Book Five, Chapter III, of Roberts,
A History of Europe
Outline of Book Five, Chapter IV, of Roberts,
A History of Europe
Outline of Book Five, Chapter V, of Roberts,
A History of Europe
Outline of Book Six, Chapter I, of Roberts, A
History of Europe
Outline of Book Six, Chapter II, of Roberts,
A History of Europe
Outline of Book Six, Chapter III, of Roberts,
A History of Europe
Outline of Book Six, Chapter IV, of Roberts,
A History of Europe
Links and Abbreviations (links are abbreviated by using the initials)