Philonotis marchica

Philonotis marchica (Hedw.) Brid., Bryologia Universa II: 23. 1827.
Basionym: Mnium marchicum Hedw., Species Muscorum Frondosorum 196. 1801.
Type: G

Synonyms:
Philonotis laxa Limpr., Die Laubmoose Deutschlands, Oesterreichs und der Schweiz 2: 563. 1895. Lectotype: Am feuchten Mauern am Zürichsee bei Meilen in der Schweiz, 1.11.1884 leg. J. Weber. (BP!). Syntype: In Gräben bei Bassum in Hannover, leg. Beckmann (not seen).

Description:
Plants yellowish green, small to medium-sized; stems 0,4-0,7 mm broad, often produce flagells with broad base (similar to those of Pohlia drummondii). Leaves of well developed plants erect, slightly keeled and spirally arranged, in gracile stems flat and patent; up to 2 mm long, triangular to triangular-lanceolate, flat to slightly plicate. Costa aristate, percurrent to shortly excurrent. Leaf margin plane, serrate with simple teeth. Lower leaf cells rectangular, 24-40(50) × 9-14 um, narrower and longer towards apex, 30-60 × 5-6 mm; with vertically prominent to bent distal papilla, apparent in all cells throughout the leaf.

Dioicous, perichaetia discoid. Perichaetial leaves narrowly triangular, acuminate, with costa percurrent to longly excurrent. Seta straight. Capsules inclined, furrowed when dry. Peristome double. Spores 18-27 um.

Ecology:
From moist or wet sites with sandy or clay soil in ditches, fens, pond or brook margins, in wet fissures among stones and on wet rotten wood. Basiphilous-calciphilous tendencies, often occurs with Philonotis calcarea. In lowland to lower mountains.

Distribution:
Europe; Asia: SW, China, Korea; Africa: N, tropical, Macaronesia; North America; Mexico; South America: Columbia.

Variation:
In papillae conspicuousness and position; margin recurvature; length of excurrent costa.

Possible confusions:
Not likely to be confused in Central Europe, due to regular distal position of papillae. In Atlantic and Mediterranean Europe similar to P. rigida, which possesses gemmiform perichaetia, narrower leaves, longer cells and flagells with narrow base (similar to those of Pohlia tundrae).

Exssicates:
Husnot-Musci Galliae No. 733, No. 381 [DUKE];
Rabenhorst-Bryotheca europaea No. 574 [DUKE], No. 1017 [BP, DUKE];
Cryptogamae exsiccatae editae a Museo Natur. Vindobonensi, No. 4368 [BP];
Plantae Hungariae Exsiccatae dr. A. Boros (s.nr.) [BP];
Plantae Varsavienses Exsiccatae No. 14 [BP];
Bauer-Musci Europaei Exsiccati No. 1141, No. 1142, No. 1642 [BP, PR, PRC];
Fleischer et Warnstorf-Bryotheca Europ. meridion. Cent. IV 1910 no. 362 [BP];
Bryotheca Silesiaca no. 172 [BP];
Musci asiae mediae A instituto Systematicae Plantarum Univ. Posnaniensis distributae, s.n., as P. seriata [BP].

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