Lat 106 / Satire / Sosin

Adverbial Clauses (qualify independent clause: how, why when?)
Type		Independent	Dependent
Result/Consec. A&G 536	Pos. (ut)	tanta vis probitatis est So great is the power of goodness	ut eam in hoste diligamus that we love it even in an enemy.
	Neg. (ut non)	nemo adeo ferus est No one is so savage	ut non metescere possit. that he cannot soften
	Rel. (qui, ubi, unde, quo, etc.)	nulla est celeritas There is no swiftness	quae possit cum animi celeritate contendere that can compare with the swiftness of the mind
Purpose/Final A&G 529	Pos. (ut)	ab aratro abduxerunt Cincinnatum They brought C. from the plough	ut dictator esset. so that he might be dictator.
	Neg. (ne)	scalas parari iubet He orders ladders to be readied	ne quam facultatem dimittat. so that he may not lose any opportunity.
Causal A&G 539	Quod, quia, quoniam, quando + indic.	tacent They are silent	quia periculum *metuunt* (I can assure you) because they fear danger. [indic. when speaker vouches for cause]
	+ subjtv.	mea mater irata est My mother is angry	quia non redierim (I reckon) because I did not return. [subjtv. when cause is alleged of another person]
A&G 549	cum causal	id difficile non est This is not difficult	cum tantum equitatu valeamus. since we are so strong in cavalry.
...but also	cum concessive (sometimes grouped with causal)	brevi spatio legiones numero hominum expleverat In a short time he had filled out the legions with their number of men	cum initio non amplius duobus milibus habuisset. though at the start he had had not more than 2000.
...and also	cum adversative (sometimes grouped with concessive)	patriis intermiscere petita verba foris malis You'd prefer to mix words sought from abroad with native ones,	cum Pedius causas *exsudet* Poplicola atque Corvinus. while Pedius Publicola and Corvinus sweat out their cases (in Latin).
Temporal A&G 541	ubi, ut, postquam, simul ac, cum primum, quotiens		Ubi, ut (when), postquam (after), simul ac, cum primum (as soon as), quotiens (whenever) usually + *indicative*
	dum, donec, quoad, quam, diu		dum, donec, quoad, quam, diu (while, as long as) usually + indicative
	dum, donec, quoad, antequam, priusquam		dum, donec, quoad (until), antequam, priusquam (before that) + indicative
	...but	Expectate Wait	dum consul aut dictator *fiat* Caeso. till Caeso becomes consul or dictator. [Subjtv. when action is only expected]
	cum + indic.	de te probant They approve of you	cum *quiescunt* when they are quiet. [indic. refers to past or future]
		principes erant Aedui The Aedui were chiefs incipere ver arbitrabatur He thought that spring was beginning	cum Caesar in Galliam venit. when Caesar came to Gall. cum rosam viderat. whenever he saw a rose. [indic. refers to past time with indic. when it it expresses merely 'time when' or means 'whenever']
	...but	accepi tuas litteras I received your letters	cum essem otiosus in Tusculano. when I was relaxing in my Tusculan home. [imp. or plupf. subjtv. to describe circumstances accompanying or preceding action of main vb.]
Conditional		see	above
Concessive A&G 527	etsi, etiamsi, tametsi		+ indic. or subjtv. as in conditions.
	quamquam		indic.
	quamvis, licet		subjtv. (usually pres. or pf.)
Proviso A&G 528	dum, modo, dummodo, tantum ut	oderint Let them hate	dum *metuant. provided that they fear.*
	neg. (ne)	Nil obstat tibi Nothing gets in your way	dum ne sit te ditior alter. provided that no one be richer than you.

Substantive Clauses (stand in case relation to the main verb)
Ind. Address	vb. of saying, thinking, etc.	Democritus dicit Democritus says	innumerabiles esse mundos. that there are countless worlds.
	impers. vb. or est+	verum est It is true	amicitiam nisi inter bonos esse non posse that friendship cannot be except between the good.
Doubt	quin	non dubium erat There was no doubt	quin plurimum Helvetii possent. but that the H. were most powerful. [quin clause = sbj. or obj.]
Quod	Sbj. of impers. vb.	bene mihi evenit It is well for me	quod *mittor* ad mortem. That I am sent to death
	Obj. of addo, mitto, etc., rejoice, grieve, appositional clause	gaude Rejoice	quod spectant oculi te mille loquentem. (over the fact) that 1000 eyes behold you speaking.
Ind. command	vb. of command, exhort., persuade, resolve, ttake care, permit + ut	decrevit senatus The senate decreed	ut Opimius videret. that Opimius should see.
	Neg. (ne)	hortatur eos He urges them	ne animo deficiant. not to lose heart.
Ind. wish	Ut / ne		sbjtv. [cupio, volo, nolo, malo take infin. too]
Fear A&G 564	Pos. (ne)	timeo I fear	ne Verres *fecerit... that (lest) Verres has done...* [logic= May Verres not do X; I fear he will.]
	Neg. (ut / ne non)	vereor I fear	ut tibi *possim* concedere. that I cannot grant you. [logic= May I be able; I fear won't be.]
		Vereor I fear	ne exercitum firmum habere non *possit. he cannot have a strong army.*
Ind. question	vb. of asking etc. + interrog. pronoun or particle	quidam quaesivere Some have asked	comoedia necne poema *esset. whether or not comedy is poetry.*

Adjective Clauses (qualify independent clause: relative qui, ubi [where], unde [whence], quo [wither]
Relative qui	simple rel.	quis fuit Who was it	horrendos primus qui protulit enses? who first introduced terrible swords? [states fact about antecedent]
...but note	result or characteristic	non sum is I am not one	qui his rebus delecter. to delight in these things.
	purpose	legatos Romam misere They sent ambassadors to Rome	qui auxilium *peterent. to seek aid.*
	cause	miseret tui me I pity you	qui hunc facias inimicum tibi. who make this man your enemy.
Rel. particles	quo (whither), qua (where), ubi (where), unde (whence) as with rel. qui

Paradigms
Substantives	Allen and Greenough on substantives
Verbs	Kennedy on verbs

Other Helps
Morphology	Perseus Latin Morphological Analysis (e.g. for dederit). Be advised, Perseus' lexical tools work better for Greek than Latin, so you will encounter glitches (words that are said not to exist in the dictionary, forms that the script does not recognize, etc.). The Morph. Analysis, wonderful as it is, does not replace old-fashioned memorization and know-how.
Words	Online Lewis & Short (e.g. laudo)

Duke | Classical Studies | Sosin | Lat 106

Conditions
Type		Protasis	Apodosis
Simple	Present	Present indicative If he is tall	Present indicative he is unlucky.
	Past	Imperfect or perfect indicative If he was tall	Imperfect or perfect indicative he was unlucky.
Future	More vivid	Future indicative If he is (shall be) tall	Future indicative he will be unlucky.
		Future perfect indicative If he is (shall have been) tall	Future indicative he will be unlucky.
	Less vivid	Present subjunctive If he should be tall	Present subjunctive he would be unlucky.
		Perfect subjunctive If he should be (should have been) tall	Present subjunctive he would be unlucky.
Contrary to Fact	Present	Imperfect subjunctive If he were tall	Imperfect subjunctive he would be unlucky.
	Past	Pluperfect subjunctive If he had been tall	Pluperfect subjunctive He would have been unlucky.
General	Present	2nd sing. present subjunctive If anyone drinks anti-freeze	Present indicative something bad happens.
		Perfect indicative If he says something	Present indicative people listen.
	Past	Pluperfect indicative / subjunctive If he said something	Imperfect indicative people always listened.

Lat 106 S05

Satire

Grammar