ࡱ> xzwE =bjbj 4}}Cpp<Vt>?->/>/>/>/>/>/>$@C|S>S>>8 8 8 ^->8 ->8 8 6M:< #M S x-;->?0>?I; D D8<< D=(x|8 dXTS>S>" >? DpW?Outline and Plan Ideas Actual Plan: Abstract Introduction why is this important, why do we want to complete this experiment Reaction the sub-threshold phi production from the deuteron target What is meant by sub-threshold What process is being looked at How do you define the process to be sub-threshold (calculations) -> this will show both the theoretical and experimental threshold Data analysis Detection and identification of the particles Results and explanations Summary this should include an explanation of the results and what was found, as well as future experiments that are to be done Appendix include threshold calculations and possibly code created to analyze data Abstract Introduction Hydrogen and deuteron reactions phi particle production Idea of detecting K mesons instead of phi meson What are we attempting to discover from all of this? Why does sub-threshold production produce this particle? (cite other paper by Gao and H. Lee) Sub-threshold production explanation CLAS (CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer) Detector Detector explanation Particle identification explanation g10 experiment (High and low magnetic fields) Calculations Missing mass calculations Above and below threshold calculations Sub-threshold production: actual calculation for sub-threshold sub-threshold based upon detection abilities Results Talk about search for phi particle mass Cut made appropriately around the missing mass squared (no mass or mass of a neutron) Cut made for the mass of the phi particle (mkk < 1.1) Cut made for sub-threshold production (egam < 1.75) B. Introduction Initial idea of possible nuclear-bound quarkonium (charmonium state with helium-3) Gao proposes N-phi bound state Nuclear-Bound Quarkonium QCD van der Waals interaction -> multiple-gluon exchange provides attractive nuclear force capable of binding heavy quarkonia to nuclei Nuclear-Bound Quarkonium paper attempted to bind charm, anti charm states (charmonium state) to nucleons, in particular Helium-3 and heavier nuclei. QCD van der Waals interaction is the simplest example of a nuclear force in QCD (taken from Nuclear-Bound Quarkonium paper) QCD van der Waals interaction, mediated by multi-gluon exchange, dominant when there are no common quarks between two color singlet hadrons. QCD van der Waals interaction enhanced by low velocity (Luke, Manohar and Savage READ THIS PAPER!!) Phi-N Bound State above threshold production unlikely due to momentum mismatch between phi and the recoil proton such a state could however, be formed inside a nucleus (quasifree subthreshold phi production process from a nuclear target) Gao paper (Phi-N bound state ) pros of Jefferson Lab Continuous-wave electron beam High luminosity State-of-the-art detector package (large solid angle) Experimental search for a bound state would be a triple coincidence detection of kinematically correlated K+, K-, and proton in the final state Momentum distributions of these final states are different from those of unbound quasifree phi production and the direct quasifree K+K- production NOTE FOR THIS STUDY WE SIMPLY DETECT THE PHI PARTICLE AT THE SUBTHRESHOLD LEVEL, WE DO NOT ACTUALLY MAKE CUTS AND SEARCH FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE PHI-N BOUND STATE THIS STUDY IS A BASELINE FOR FUTURE SEARCHES Photo-production of Phi Meson Production QCD accepted theory of strong interaction for quark and gluon degrees of freedom Experimentally well tested in the extremely high energy region pQCD works well in high energy regime where there is a small coupling constant this breaks down for lower energies, or the confinement region, as the coupling constant becomes too large knowledge of confinement and the structure of matter in terms of the underlying QCD degrees of freedom is poor, because of inability to solve QCD analytically lattice theory is promising but limited because of computer processing time and other technical issues seems this will remain for some time into the future need experiment which will test various QCD inspired models (for the confinement region) Hydrogen production Egam = 1.57 GeV the derivation for this threshold value is in my lab notebook Actual egam for the CLAS detector is around 1.75 GeV (should I get this calculation off Dr. Gao -> I was unable to complete it before) Coherent phi Production on Deuterium To analyze other aspects of the phi production and compare them to the same production for hydrogen (I really dont know how this stuff works do I need to go into it?) Subthreshold phi Production and Exotic phi-nucleon bound state We expect the QCD van der Waals force to dominate the phi-nucleon interaction since the phi meson is almost a pure strange anti-strange state. Attractive QCD van der Waals force between the phi meson and nucleons inside the residual nuclear system enhances the probability for the formation of the phi-nucleon bound state. Analysis of this idea g11 data can be used to study phi production from hydrogen at energies close to the threshold subthreshold production increases for heavier nuclear targets, as there are a larger number of nucleons inside the nucleus, and because of the larger Fermi momentum distribution (what is this??? Do I have to know or explain what it is??) C. Reaction Two reactions being studied: Gamma + p -> p + phi Gamma + d -> p + phi (n) SHOULD I GO INTO THE IDEA OF THE PHI PARTICLE BREAKING DOWN HERE? OR IN THE SECTION ON PARTICLE DETECTION Phi particle half-life of only 20 X 10-23 seconds Phi -> K+ K- has a branching ratio of 49% In order to observe the correct process we must detect the triple coincidence of P K+ K- Other possible reactions that could occur Gamma + p -> p K+ K- THRESHOLD DETERMINATION CALCULATION!! Subthreshold reaction What is a subthreshold reaction? A reaction in which the energy of the photon is lower than the calculated requirement for reaction if the target is stationary (this assumes every particle in the target is stationary) Only possible with deuteron reaction Since two nucleons in the deuteron, if the protons movement is in a direction opposite to that of the incoming photon subthreshold reaction can be achieved (the momentum of the proton makes up for the reduced energy of the photon) Adjusted threshold limit The detector is off by about 10 degrees (I HAVE TO FIND OUT WHERE IT ACTUALLY SAYS THIS!!!!) and so the actual sub-threshold reaction for the detector as it is (less than 4) is approx. 1.75 GeV ( I NEED TO ASK ABOUT THIS CALCULATION!!!) The idea now then is to see if there is a sub-threshold peak of K+ K- mass at the phi mass area D. Data Analysis Detection and Identification of the Particles PLAN: Go into why the Jefferson Lab facilities are used; Explanation of CEBAF (Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility) along with diagrams Facilities explanation and why Jefferson Lab is trustworthy etc. Continous electron beam explanation Method for determining energy of the photon and the pulse rate of the photon Go into why Hall B is used; Explanation of how CLAS (CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer) Detector is used with diagrams SHOULD I PUT THE FULL EXPLANATION OF HOW THIS WORKS HERE? Detector Equipment how is the beam delivered to the target how is the target actually stored start counter three drift chambers torus magnet time of flight counter detection scintillators Particle Identification drift chambers plot path torus magnet helps deflect particle deflection used to calculate charge of particle scintillators used to determine energy of the particle use time taken to arrive at scintillators and energy of particle to determine what mass of particle must be Once these signals have been obtained, it still requires cooking calculations to turn these into results. I need to read up on this process and include it. Go into why the g10 and g11 experiments were used Large number of events in g10 dataset allow for triple coincidence of PK+K- g10 uses liquid hydrogen and deuteron targets which are what is required for experiment Magnetic field differences that are not required but that should not hurt observation g11 has higher statistics for hydrogen (there were not many detected events for hydrogen for g10) -> can be used to show if the lack of a phi peak subthreshold for hydrogen was as expected, or simply due to a lack of events (ie. Noise overtook the results) Results and Explanations SHOULD I GO INTO THE IDEAS THAT WERE USED AND THE PROGRAMS THAT WERE WRITTEN FOR ANALYZING THE DATA Methods used to determine the results: Only kept events that had a phi, proton, and deuteron present Only kept events that had one photon (REALLY NEED TO UNDERSTAND THIS!!!) Calculated the missing mass squared by using: (P4g + P4tgt P4p P4kp P4km).M2() For hydrogen no missing mass (but same lee-way made as for neutron missing mass) => why is this? Also, I need to show plots of having no cuts and how each cut affects things, and plots of the cuts variables so that I can show why I made the cutoff as I did Low and high field results for both hydrogen and deuteron targets Show subthreshold cuts so that I can show the production of phi particles below the threshold and also so that I can compare the subthreshold production for deuterium with the lack of it for hydrogen May want to show graphs to determine what percentage of events for PK+K- were produced by the phi particle. Need to think about possibility of Monte Carlo results so that I can create an estimate of the efficiencies, and can thus calculate the cross-section for the phi-nucleon bound state. The peak for the invariant mass of K+K- at the same mass as the phi particle is to be expected as this means that the Kaons were created from the phi particle GO INTO EXAMPLE OF FULL MOMENTUM SPACE E. Summary This has determined that phi particles can be produced at sub-threshold energies. Further studies include using g11 data to find conclusive evidence for the subthreshold region for hydrogen Monte Carlo simulation to determine efficiencies Using efficiencies, calculate cross-section Main Topics Abstract Introduction The study of the strong force The objective of this CLAS Particle Detection and Identification g10 experiment Analysis Results Conclusion and Future Studies Monte Carlo data Experimental Apparatus For the detection of  particles, the facilities at Jefferson Lab in Virginia were used. The experiment was conducted at the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). This accelerator provides a continuous polarized electron beam to the various experimental halls at Jefferson Lab. The CEBAF Large Expectance Spectrometer (CLAS) detector in Hall B was used to complete the experiment as it has a large solid angle of nearly 4. Detector Details: Particle Identification: g10 Experiment The g10 experiment in Hall B was used, as it consisted of both H2 and D2 liquid targets. As well as this it provided a large sample of data which allowed for the analysis of the triple coincidence events of protons, and K+ and K- mesons. The setup of the experiment was such that two different magnetic fields were used, 2250 Torus and 3375 Torus. Although an observation on the influence of magnetic field on the reactions studied was not the primary goal of the experiment, it did not prevent the required analysis from being made. Results The methods used for the completion of the idea of The data was analyzed separately as QUESTIONS: g10 experiment: Was the magnetic field that was varied between high and low settings the same field that was used to tell if a positive or negative particle was detected. Subthreshold production Should I include the graph or the calculation in Gaos paper on the phi-N bound state to show that the peak for the calculated total cross section for the formation of this bound state is below the threshold value. Reasoning for study Do I want to go into the idea of using the strange quark and the advantage of using that Also, do I want to go into the idea of chiral symmetry and other more complex ideas associated with this study Coherent phi production Do I need to go into how this stuff works or not? Subthreshold phi production Do I really need to go into the technical details of what coupling constant to use etc. (cause I really dont know how to at the moment) Phi-nucleon bound state Can I analyze for the case where I can detect if it is a phi-bound state or other K+, K- production? Graphs do I need to think of other plots such as photon energy versus t do I need to at any point make comparisons between the data near threshold and the data below threshold or any of the other comparisons talked about in the proposal High and low field data can I actually just combine the high and low field data or are there issues with this? -> there are obviously issues, but if not a problem when combining the two sets, where does the problem lie Phi production How do I actually know that the triple coincidence of proton, K+ and K- is from the phi particle (is it just enough to look at the phi peak?) Detector Where does it actually mention the 10 degree angle that was used in the CLAS detector Also, 1.75 GeV Threshold questions Coding Do I actually want to include examples of coding used in my programs? Detection of neutron Is there an ACTUAL reason besides an additional check for missing mass why I need to calculate the missing mass of the neutron? Terminology Can I simply refer to proton, K+, K- as three particles or not? High and low field results Should I actually give all the results that were obtained for the high and low fields or is it simply repetitious Results and Explanations The cooked data files that were collected by Hall B at Jefferson Lab were stored on JASMine (Jefferson Lab Asynchronous Storage Manager). This data was then run through ROOT programs to make the required cuts on the original data set. Firstly, it was important to only consider results that contained a proton, a K+ kaon or a K- kaon. This result was produced as follows for the liquid deuteron target for the g10 low field data: CLASevent *clasevent = new CLASevent(proton, kplus, kminus, ld2, g10lo); Beyond this, it was required that the final result was the triple coincidence of these three particles, a proton and two kaons, one K+ and one K-. As well as this, for each packet of photons produced by the continuous electron beam, it was necessary to only consider those cases in which there was one good photon. A good photon can be considered one in which the reconstructed timing for the arrival of the photon, as calculated by the time of flight counter is within 1 ns of the time recorded by the start counter. EXPLANATION FOR THIS, AS I AM QUITE CONFUSED!! These two requirements were met by demanding that all events consisted of three charged particles and one photon. if ((clasevent->Ncharged() == 3) && (clasevent->Nphoton() == 1)) In the case of the liquid hydrogen target, the proton and the two kaons were the only resulting particles (CAN I SAY THIS). However, in the case of the liquid deuteron target, there was additionally a neutron, and it was important to detect this particle, and make a compensating cut (WHY WAS IT IMPORTANT?). This was done by calculating the missing mass squared that was expected given the masses of the reactants and the products. mmpkpkm->Fill((P4g+P4tgt-P4p-P4kp-P4km).M2()); This missing mass squared was actually calculated for both targets, but there was not expected to be any missing mass for the liquid hydrogen target. The deciding factor in determining the production of the  meson from these reactions was by observing the combined invariant mass of the two kaons produced. 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