Sisyrinchium: Key to sections

Key to and description of the sections of Sisyrinchium

My current work supports eight sections. They are strongly supported by both matK and ITS sequence data, though the arrangement of the sections within the phylogeny varies. Not all species are listed within sections at this time, so species lists are to be regarded as the minimal lists. Range information likewise is to be regarded as the minimum rather than the limits.

1a. Filaments fully fused with small anthers held as a single unit at tip. Style branches small to minute: ≤ 1mm. Flower color various: blue, white, purple, yellow and gradations between. Flowers may be aglandular or bear dense to diffuse glands across the tepals, filaments, ovaries, and/or pedicels. (Previously subgenus Sisyrinchium.)
2a. Foliage narrow to linear: ≤ 3mm width. Rhipidia, if multiple, held in more or less congested head. Subtending spathe 2cm or more, narrow and vertical. Inflorescence basotonic, with peduncles unelongated or less than 1/3 the length of the overall inflorescence height. Restricted to South America. Section Scirpeocharis/Lenitium
2b. Foliage more than 3mm wide on fresh material, and inflorescence tending towards isotonic, with distal nodes nearly equal proximal nodes. Species with narrower than 3mm folliage (S. capillare), or those with multiple rhipidia on a basotonic inflorescence (S. albidum) found in North America. Section Sisyrinchium
1b. Filaments only partially to scarcely fused. (Previously subgenus Ecthronema.)
3a. Style branches stiffly spreading, anthers approximately as long as free portion of filaments and versatile. Tepals form an open cup or dish, unmarked strong yellow with few species/forms bearing small maroon spots at base of tepals. Tepals, ovaries, pedicels aglandular.
4a. Inflorescence is a single naked stem with a single rhipidium.
5a. Subtended by multiple spathes. Section Caespispathum
5b. Subtended by a single spathe. Section Hydastylus
4b. Inflorescence branching and/or bearing multiple rhipidia.
6a. Rhipidia congested in a termal head on naked stem. Section Megacephalum
6b. Single rhipidia terminal on leafy/bractate (sometimes branching) stem. Section Sipacapa/Viperella
3b. Style branches flared to recurved, anthers shorter than free portion of filament, tepals urceolate and/or bearing chevron marks or maroon spots on each tepal. Flower color various. Flowers may be aglandular or bear dense to diffuse glands across the tepals, filaments, ovaries, and/or pedicels. Inflorescence isotonic.
7a. Rhipidia lateral and sessile on inflorescence stem. Some species only terminal bract develops into a fertile rhipidium. Flowers yellow to white, usually with spots and/or chevron markings in the center. Section Spathirachis
7b. Single rhipidia on elongate peduncles terminal on leafy (sometimes branching) stem. Flower color variable between populations. Section Mesmeria

  1. Section Caespispathum

    description:
    type species: S. caespitificum Kraenzl. 1908 Peru, Ecuador

    other species:

    1. S. praealtum Kraenzl. 1914 Peru
    2. S. paucifolium L. 1895 Peru
    3. S. brevipes Baker Peru, Argentina, W

  2. Section Hydastylus

    description:
    type species: S. californicum W.T.Aiton 1894 California, Oregon, Washington

    other species:

    1. S. longipes (E.P.Bicknell)Kearney & Peebles 1939 Mexico, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Arizona, California, New Mexico, USA
    2. S. pusillum Kunth 1891 Ecuador
    3. S. tinctorium Kunth 1816 Mexico, Chiapas, Veracruz, TAMPS Texas, S Belize Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Venezuela Columbia
    4. S. pringlei B.L.Rob. & Greenm. 1894 Mexico, Jalisco, AGS, Durango, GTO, Mich, NAY, SIN, ZAC
    5. S. rosengurttii I.M.Johnst. 1938 Uruguay Brazil
    6. S. schaffneri S.Watson 1883 Mexico
    7. S. subalpinum Henrich & Goldblatt 1987 Mexico, Chiapas Guatemala Costa Rica
    8. S. tolucense Peyr. 1859 Mexico, Toluca, DF, GRO, GTO, HGO, Mex, Mich, Mor, Nay, OAX, PUE
    9. S. unispathaceum Klatt 1865 Bolivia
    10. S. translucens (E.P.Bicknell)Espejo & L用ez-Ferr. 1997 Mexico, Baja
    11. S. elmeri Greene 1890 California
    12. S. acre Mann 1867 Hawaii
    13. S. bromelioides R. C. Foster 1962 Brazil, S

    These are also most likely section Hydastylus, but not verified.

    1. S. abietum McVaugh 1989 Mexico, Jalisco
    2. S. arguellesiae Ceja, Espejo & L用ez-Ferr. 1998
    3. S. bakeri Klatt 1882
    4. S. chiricanum Woodson 1945 Mexico, Chiapas Guatemala El Salvador Costa Rica Panama
    5. S. cholewae Espejo, A.R.L用ez-Ferrari & J.Ceja-Romero 1999 Mexico, Durango
    6. S. claritae Herter 1937 Brazil, S Uruguay, SE Argentina, NE
    7. S. conzattii Calder溶 & Rzed. 1985 Mexico, Mex, D. F.
    8. S. exalatum Rbinson at Greenman 1895 Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Mexico, Chiapas, Oaxaca
    9. S. hintoniorum G.L.Nesom 1994 Mexico, NL
    10. S. homomallum Klatt 1882
    11. S. longispathum Conzatti 1947 Mexico, Oaxaca, Chiapas
    12. S. microbracteatum G.L.Nesom 1994 Mexico, Nuevo Leon
    13. S. novoleonense G.L.Nesom & L.Hern. 1992 Mexico, Nuevo Leon, COAH
    14. S. occissapungus Ru築 ex Klatt 1861
    15. S. palmeri Greenm. 1903 Mexico, Jalisco, Mex, Mich, Nay, Zac
    16. S. planicola Ceja & Cholewa 2001
    17. S. reitzii R.C.Foster 1962 Brazil, S
    18. S. schottii Herter 1943 Brazil, S
    19. S. volckmanni Phil. 1895
    20. S. zamudioi Espejo, L用ez-Ferr. & Ceja 1998

  3. Section Sipacapa/Viperalla

    description:
    type species: S. tenuifolium Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. 1809 Mexico Guatemala Panama

    other species:

    1. S. arizonicum Rothr. 1877 Arizona, USA Mexico, N
    2. S. graminifolium Lindl. 1827 Chile
    3. S. mandonii Baker 1876 Guatemala Costa Rica Panama Peru Bolivia
    4. S. glaziovii Baker 1876 Brazil, S
    5. S. platyphyllum S.Watson 1891 Mexico, Jalisco
    6. S. vaginatum Spreng. 1825 Brazil Argentina, NE Uruguay Paraguay Bolivia?
    7. S. ciliolatum (Ravenna)Ravenna 2002 Argentina, NE Uruguay
    8. S. convolutum Nocca in Nocca 1800 Mexico, Chiapas Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama
    9. S. johnstonii Standley 1937 Mexico, Chiapas Guatemala Costa Rica
    10. S. alatum Hook 1840 Brazil, S Peru Uruguay Mexico, Oaxaca, Veracruz
    11. S. balansae Baker 1892 Paraguay

  4. Section Spathirachis

    description:
    type species: S. striatum Small 1792 Chile Argentina

    other species:

    1. S. graminifolium Lindl. 1827 Chile
    2. S. cuspidatum Poepp. 1833 Chile
    3. S. humile Phil. 1895 Argentina, N
    4. S. macrocarpum Hieron. 1881 Argentina, W, SW
    5. S. pearcei Phil. 1864 Chile Argentina, S
    6. S. nanum Phil. 1895 Argentina, S
    7. S. arenarium Poepp. 1833 Chile Argentina

  5. Section Megacephalum

    description:
    type species: S. palmifolium L. 1767 Argentina NE Paraguay

    6. other species:

    1. S. avenaceum Klatt 1861 Uruguay Argentina, E
    2. S. wettsteinii Hand.-Mazz. 1908 Brazil, S
    3. S. brasiliense (Ravenna)Ravenna 2000 Argentina, NE Brazil, S
    4. S. nigricans Gay 1853 Chile
    5. S. nidulare (Hand.-Mazz.)I.M.Johnst. 1908 Brazil, S

  6. Section Scirpeocharis/Lenitium

    description:
    type species: S. luzula Klotzsch 1861 Brazil, S

    other species:

    1. S. burchellii Baker 1892 Brazil, C, W
    2. S. claritae Herter 1937 Brazil, S Uruguay, SE Argentina, NE
    3. S. commutatum Klatt 1860 Brazil, S
    4. S. dasyspathum (Ravenna)Ravenna 2002 Argentina Paraguay
    5. S. fasciculatum Klatt 1861 Brazil, S
    6. S. fiebrigii I.M.Johnst. 1938 Paraguay Brazil
    7. S. hasslerianum Baker Paraguay
    8. S. minutiflorum Klatt 1861 Brazil, S Uruguay Argentina, W, SW
    9. S. pictum Kraenzl. 1914 Brazil Bolivia
    10. S. piliferum Klatt 1882 Paraguay
    11. S. rigidifolium Baker 1892 Bolivia Argentina, N Peru
    12. S. scariosum I.M.Johnst. 1938 Brazil, S Uruguay
    13. S. sellowianum Klatt 1862 Brazil, S Paraguay Uruguay
    14. S. subnudum I.M.Johnst. 1938 Brazil, Matto Grosso Argentina, NE Paraguay
    15. S. trichanthum Dus始 1905

  7. Section Mesmeria

    description:
    type species: S. micranthum Cav. 1788 Southern USA to Brazil Argentina Peru

    other species:

    1. S. chilense Hook. 1827 Argentina, W, NW, N Peru Bolivia Equador
    2. S. iridifolium Kunth 1816 Mexico, Chiapas Venezuela

    There are many names synonymized under S. micranthum, a few of which Ravenna recognizes as subspecies: S. exile, S. rosulatum, S. brownei, S. valdiviana... These plants vary widely in color from purple, to pale blue, white, light yellow to almost orange. They are widespread and weedy, with new records being noted on a regular basis. Most recently they have been found in Iran and Republic of Georgia, where they are spreading rapidly. The Republic of Georgia form is that of S. rosulatum, which is well known from lawns of Southern US States. The Iranian form is that of S. exile, with minute orange flowers, known from Southern California and Western Texas. These plants are also found on the Polynesian islands, Korean penninsula, and Galapagos. This meek species promises to inherit the tropical and temperate world.

  8. Section Sisyrinchium

    description:
    type species: S. bermudianum (L.) Kunth 1898 Bermuda

    9. other species:

    1. S. acaule Klatt 1866 Peru Argentina, N
    2. S. albidum Raf. 1832 Carolinas, USA Mississippi Arkansas Alabama Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Kentucky Louisiana Maine Michigan Missouri New York North Carolina Ohio Oaklahoma Pennsylvania South Carolina Tennassee Texas Virginia Ontario, Canada
    3. S. anceps Cav. 1788 Mexico, Jalisco, Sin
    4. S. angustifolium Mill. 1768 USA, eastern Arkansas
    5. S. angustissimum (Rob. & Greene) Greenm. & Thomps 1914 Mexico, central/east
    6. S. atlanticum (E.P.Bicknell) 1896 USA, eastern Arkansas
    7. S. bellum S.Watson 1877 Mexico, Baja California Oregon, USA
    8. S. biforme Bickn. 1901 Texas, USA Louisiana Mexico, Vera Cruz, Tamps
    9. S. campestre E.P.Bicknell 1899 Kansas, USA Arkansas Manitoba, Canada Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Louisiana Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma South Dakota Texas Wisconsin
    10. S. capillare E.P.Bicknell 1899 North Carolina Alabama South Carolina Virginia
    11. S. cernuum (E.P.Bicknell)Kearney 1949 Mexico, Chihuahua, Durango Arizona, USA
    12. S. demissum Greene 1890 Mexico, Baja, Chihuahua, Coah, Durango, SON California Colorado Nevada New Mexico Texas Utah Arizona
    13. S. dichotomum E.P.Bicknell 1899 North Carolina South Carolina
    14. S. dimorphum Oliver 1969 Texas, USA Mexico, Oaxaca, Chiapas, TAMPS Guatemala
    15. S. ensigerum E.P.Bicknell 1901 Kansas, USA Oklahoma Texas Mexico, NE
    16. S. funereum California, USA Nevada
    17. S. fuscatum E.P.Bicknell 1899 USA, eastern Massachusetts to Florida
    18. S. groenlandicum Bucher 1966 Greenland
    19. S. halophilum Greene 1900 Nevada, USA California Oregon Utah
    20. S. hitchcockii Douglass M.Hend. 1986 Oregon, USA California
    21. S. idahoense E.P.Bicknell 1899 California, USA Oregon, Idaho Montana Washington BC, Canada Nevada Wyoming Utah Colorado
    22. S. langlosii Greene 1899 Arkansas Texas, USA Alabama Georgia Louisiana Mississippi Oklahoma Tennassee
    23. S. littorale Greene 1900 Washington, Oregon, BC, Canada Alaska, USA
    24. S. megapotamicum Malme 1935 Argentina, E, C Brazil, S
    25. S. miamiense E.P.Bicknell 1899 Florida Antilles Alabama Georgia Mississippi
    26. S. minus Engelm. & Gray 1845 Uruguay Argentina Texas
    27. S. montanum Greene 1900 BC, Alberta Northwest Territories, Canada Montana, USA
    28. S. mucronatum Michx. 1915 Massachusetts, USA Connecticut
    29. S. nashii E.P.Bicknell 1899 North Carolina, USA Alabama Florida Georgia Mississippi South Carolina Tennasee Virginia
    30. S. pachyrhizum Baker 1876 Brazil, S Paraguay Uruguay Bolivia Argentina, NE, N, W, E
    31. S. pallidum Cholewa & Douglass M.Hend. 1984 Colorado Wyoming
    32. S. palustre Diels in J.F.Macbr. 1930 Peru
    33. S. patagonicum Phil. ex Baker 1892 Argentina, S Chile
    34. S. platense I.M.Johnst. 1938 Paraguay Argentina, E Uruguay
    35. S. pruinosum E.P.Bicknell 1901 Alabama Arkansas Kansas Nebraska Oklahoma Texas
    36. S. radicatum E.P.Bicknell 1901 Utah Nevada
    37. S. rambonis R.C.Foster 1950 Brazil, S
    38. S. sagittiferum E.P.Bicknell 1899 Texas, USA Louisiana Arkansas
    39. S. sarmentosum Suksd. 1895 Oregon, USA Washington
    40. S. septentrionale E.P.Bicknell 1899 Washington, USA British Columbia, Canada Northwest Territories Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba
    41. S. solstitiale E.P.Bicknell 1899 Florida, USA
    42. S. strictum E.P.Bicknell 1899 Michigan, USA Wisconsin
    43. S. subcernuum (E.P.Bicknell)Henrich & Goldblatt 1987 Mexico, BCS Belize
    44. S. unguiculatum Griseb. 1879 Argentina, C, W, NW
    45. S. xerophyllum Greene 1899 Florida, USA Georgia North Carolina