RAUSHER LAB
Mark D. Rausher
(919) 684-2295 (Voice)
Department of Biology (919)
660-7293 (FAX)
Box
90338
mrausher@duke.edu
Duke University
Durham, NC 27708-0338
I. M. D.
Rausher (Note: click on [Download PDF file] to download
reprint. You will
need Adobe Acrobat Reader to view and print the file.)
Smith, R.
A., and M. D. Rausher. 2007. Close clustering of
anthers and stigma in Ipomoea
hederacea enhances prezygotic
isolation from
I. purpurea. New
Phytologist 173: 641-647. [Download
PDF file].
Kniskern, J.
M., and M. D. Rausher. 2006. Major-gene resistance to the
rust pathogen Coleosporium
ipomoeae is common in natural
populations of Ipomoea purpurea.
New Phytologist 171: 137-144.
[Download
PDF file]
Stinchcombe,
J. R.,
and M. D. Rausher. 2002. Evolution of tolerance to deer
herbivory: modification caused by the abundance
of
insect herbivores. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
(Biological Sciences) 269: 1241-1246. [Download
PDF file]
Stinchcombe,
J. R.,
M. T. Rutter, d. S. Burdick, P. Tiffin, M. D. Rausher, and R.
Mauricio. 2002. Testing for environmentally
induced bias in phenotypic estimates of natural selection: theory and
practice. The American Naturalist 160: 511-523
[Download
PDF file] . (For commentary, see Loeske et al. 2003.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18: 207-209).
Hahn, M. W.,
M. D.
Rausher, and C. W. Cunningham. 2002. Distinguishing between
selection
and population expansion in an
experimental lineage of Bacteriophage T7. Genetics 161:
11-20. [Download
PDF file]
Underwood,
N., and M. D. Rausher. 2002. The role of cystein proteinase
inhibitors in induced and constitutive resistance to
Mexican bean beetles in soybeans. Oecologia 131: 211-219. [Download
PDF file]
Underwood,
N., and M. D. Rausher. 2002. Comparing the consequences of
induced and constitutive plant resistance for
herbivore population dynamics. The American Naturalist 160:
20-30. [Download
PDF file].
Stinchcombe,
J. R.,
and M. D. Rausher. 2001. Diffuse selection on resistance to
deer
herbivory
in the ivyleaf morning glory, Ipomoea hederacea. The
American Naturalist 158: 376-388.
[Download
PDF file]
Rausher, M.
D. 2001. Coevolution and plant resistance to natural
enemies. Nature 411: 857-864 .
[Download
PDF file]
Kniskern,
J., and M. D. Rausher. 2001. Two modes of host-enemy
coevolution. Population
Ecology 43: 3-14. [Download
PDF file]
Paulsen, S.,
and M. D. Rausher. 2001. Floral color polymorphism in Ipomoea
purpurea: biased
inheritance of the dark allele is not a general explanation for its
maintenance. Journal of
Heredity 96: 491-495. [Download
PDF file]
Underwood,
N. and M. D. Rausher. 2000. The effects of host-plant
quality on herbivore population
dynamics in a model system. Ecology 81: 1565-1576. [Download
PDF file]
Subramaniam,
B. and
M. D. Rausher. 2000. Balancing selection on a floral
polymorphism. Evolution
54: 691-695. [Download
PDF file]
Chang, S-M.
and M.
D. Rausher. 1999. The role of inbreeding depression in
maintaining the mixed
mating system of the common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea.
Evolution 53: 1366-1376.
[Download
PDF file]
Tiffin, P.
and M. D. Rausher. 1999. Genetic constraints and selection
acting on tolerance to herbivory
in the common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea. American
Naturalist 154: 700-716.
[Download
PDF file]
Rausher, M.
D. and S.-M. Chang. 1999. Stabilization of mixed-mating
systems by differences
in the magnitude of inbreeding depression for male and female fitness
components.
American Naturalist 155: 242-248.[Download
PDF file]
Miller, R. E., M. D.
Rausher, and P. S. Manos. 1999. Phylogenetic
systematics of Ipomoea
(Convolvulaceae) based on ITS and waxy sequences.
Systematic Botany 24: 209-227. [Download
PDF file]
Rausher, M.
D., R.
E. Miller and P. Tiffin. 1999. Patterns of evolutionary
rate variation
among genes of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. Molecular
Biology and
Evolution 16: 266-274. [Download
PDF file]
Tiffin, P.,
R. E. Miller and M. D. Rausher. 1998. Control of expression
patterns of anthocyanin
structural genes by two loci in the common morning glory. Genes
and Genetic
Systems 73: 105-110.[Download
PDF file]
Chang, S-M.
and M.
D. Rausher. 1998. Frequency-dependent pollen discounting
contributes
to maintenance of a mixed mating system in the common morning glory
Ipomoea
purpurea. American Naturalist 152: 671-683. [Download
PDF file]
Fry, J. D.
and M. D. Rausher. 1997. Selection on a floral color
polymorphism in the tall morning
glory (Ipomoea purpurea L.):Transmission success of the alleles
through pollen.
Evolution 51: 66-78. [Download
PDF file]
Mojonnier,
L. and M. D. Rausher. 1997. Selection on a floral color
polymorphism in the common
morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea): The effects of overdominance
in seed size.
Evolution 51: 608-614. [Download
PDF file]
Fineblum, W.
L. and
M. D. Rausher. 1997. Do genes influencing floral
pigmentation also influence
resistance to herbivores and pathogens? The W locus in
Ipomoea purpurea. Ecology 78: 1646-
1654. [Download
PDF file]
Mauricio,
R., M. D. Rausher and D. S. Burdick. 1997. Variation in the
defense strategies of plants:
are resistance and tolerance mutually exclusive? Ecology 78:
1301-1311. [Download
PDF file]
Mauricio, R.
and M. D. Rausher. 1997. Experimental manipulation of
putative selective agents
provides evidence for the role of natural enemies in the evolution
of plant defenses.
Evolution 51: 1435-1444.[Download
PDF file]
Iwao, K. and
M. D.
Rausher. 1997. Evolution of plant resistance to multiple
herbivores:
quantifying diffuse coevolution. American Naturalist 149:
316-355. [Download
PDF file]
Brandon, R.
N. and M. D. Rausher. 1996. Testing adaptationism: a
comment on Orzack and Sober.
American Naturalist 148: 189-201. [Download
PDF file]
Rausher, M.
D. 1996. Genetic analysis of coevolution between plants and
their natural enemies.
Trends in Genetics 12: 212-217. [Download
PDF file]
Rausher, M.
D. 1995. Behavioral ecology of oviposition in the pipevine
swallowtail, Battus philenor.
pp. 53-62 in J. M. Scriber, Y. Tsubaki, and R. C. Lederhouse
(eds.). Ecology and
Evolutionary Biology of the Papilionidae. Scientific Publishers,
Washington.
Pilson, D.
and M. D. Rausher. 1995. Clumped distribution patterns in
goldenrod aphids: genetic
and ecological mechanisms. Ecol. Entom. 20: 75-83.
Fineblum, W.
L. and
M. D. Rausher. 1995. Tradeoff between resistance and
tolerance to herbivore
damage in a morning glory. Nature 377: 517-520. [Download
PDF file]
Hougen-Eitzman,
D.
and M. D. Rausher. 1994. Interactions between herbivorous
insects
and plant-
insect coevolution. American Naturalist 143: 677-697. [Download
PDF file]
Rausher, M.
D., D.
Augustine and A. Vanderkooi. 1993. Absence of pollen
discounting in genotypes
of Ipomoea purpurea exhibiting increased selfing.
Evolution 47: 1688-1695. [Download
PDF file]
Simms, E. L.
and M. D. Rausher. 1993. Patterns of selection on
phytophage resistance in Ipomoea
purpurea. Evolution
47: 970-976. [Download
PDF file]
Rausher, M.
D. and J. D. Fry. 1993. Effects of a locus affecting floral
pigmentation in Ipomoea
purpurea on female fitness
components. Genetics 134: 1237-1247. [Download PDF file]
Rausher, M.
D., K.
Iwao, E. L. Simms, N. Ohsaki and D. Hall. 1993. Induction
and
the cost
of resistance in Ipomoea purpurea. Ecology 74: 20-29.
[Download
PDF file]
Rausher, M.
D. 1993. The evolution of habitat preference: avoidance and
adaptation. pp. 259-
283 in K.C. Kim and B. A. McPheron (eds.). Evolution of Insect
Pests: The Pattern of
Variations. John Wiley, New York, NY.
Rausher, M.
D. 1992. The measurement of selection on quantitative
traits: biases due to
environmental covariances between traits and fitness. Evolution
46: 616-626. [Download
PDF file]
Simms, E. L.
and M. D. Rausher. 1992. Quantitative Genetics. pp.
42-68 in R.S. Fritz and
E.L. Simms (eds.). Ecology and Evolution of Plant Resistance,
Univ. of Chicago Press,
Chicago, IL.
Rausher, M.
D. 1992. Natural selection and the evolution of
plant-insect interactions. pp. 20-88
in B.D. Roitberg and M.B. Isman (eds.). Evolutionary Perspectives
in Insect Chemical
Ecology, Routledge, Chapman and Hall, New York, NY.
Turchin, P.,
F. J.
Odendaal, and M. D. Rausher. 1991. Quantifying insect
movement in the field.
Environ. Entomol. 20: 955-963.
Odendaal, F.
J. and
M. D. Rausher. 1990. Eggload influences search intensity,
host
selectivity,
and clutch size in Battus philenor butterflies. J. Insect
Behavior 3: 183-193.
Edelstein-Keshet,
L. and M. D. Rausher. 1989. The effects of inducible
defenses on herbivore
populations. I. Mobile, non-selective herbivores in continuous
time. American Naturalist 133:
787-810.[Download
PDF file]
Rausher, M.
D. and E. L. Simms. 1989. The evolution of resistance to
herbivory in Ipomoea
purpurea. I. Attempts to detect selection. Evolution 43:
563-572. [Download
PDF file]
Simms, E. L.
and M. D. Rausher. 1989. The evolution of resistance to
herbivory in Ipomoea
purpurea. II. Natural selection by insects and costs of
resistance. Evolution 43: 573-585.
[Download
PDF file]
Pilson, D. and M. D. Rausher. 1989. In response to Tatar. Oikos 55: 136-137.
Rausher, M. D. 1988. Is coevolution dead? Ecology 64: 898-901. [Download PDF file]
Pilson, D.,
and M.
D. Rausher. 1988. Clutch size adjustment by a swallowtail
butterfly.
Nature 333: 361-363. [Download
PDF file]
Papaj, D. R.
and M. D. Rausher. 1987. Genetic differences and phenotypic
plasticity as causes of
variation in oviposition preference in Battus philenor.
Oecologia 74: 24-30.
Odendaal, F.
J., M. D. Rausher, B. Benrey, and J. Nunez-Farfan. 1987.
Predation by Anolis lizards
on Battus philenor raises questions about butterfly mimicry
systems. J. Lepid. Soc. 41: 141-144.
Simms, E. L.
and M. D. Rausher. 1987. Costs and benefits of the
evolution of plant defense against
herbivory. American Naturalist 130: 570-581.[Download
PDF file]
Rausher, M.
D. and F. J. Odendaal. 1987. Switching and the pattern of
host use by Battus philenor
butterflies. Ecology 68: 869-877. [Download
PDF file]
Papaj, D. R.
and M. D. Rausher. 1987. Components of conspecific
host-discrimination behavior
in the butterfly, Battus philenor. Ecology 68:
245-253. [Download
PDF file]
Rausher, M.
D. and R. Englander. 1987. The evolution of habitat
preference. II. Evolutionary
genetic stability under soft selection. Theor. Population Biology
31: 116-139. [Download
PDF file]
Rausher, M.
D. 1986. Competition for oviposition sites in Battus
philenor butterflies. Florida
Entomologist 69: 63-78.
Rausher, M.
D. 1985. Variability for host preference in insect
populations: mechanistic and
evolutionary models. J. Insect Physiol. 31: 873-889.
Fowler, N.
R. and M. D. Rausher. 1985. The effects of herbivory,
competitors, and their interaction
on Aristolochia reticulata. Ecology 66: 1580-1587. [Download
PDF file]
Alexander,
H. M., J. Antonovics and M. D. Rausher. 1985. Relationship
of phenotypic and genetic
variation in Plantago lancealata to disease caused by Fusarium
moniliforme var.
subglutinans. Oecologia 65: 89-93.
Rausher, M.
D. 1984. Tradeoffs in performance on different hosts:
evidence from within- and
between-site variation in the beetle Deloyala guttata.
Evolution 38: 582-595. [Download
PDF file]
Rausher, M
D. 1984. The evolution of habitat selection in subdivided
populations. Evolution 38:
596-608. [Download
PDF file]
Rausher, M.
D. 1983. Conditioning and genetic variation as causes of
individual variation in the
oviposition behavior of the tortoise beetle Deoyala guttata.
Animal Behaviour 31: 743-747. [Download
PDF file]
Rausher, M.
D. 1983. Alteration of oviposition behavior by Battus
philenor butterflies in response
to variation in host plant density. Ecology 64: 1028-1034. [Download
PDF file]
Rausher, M.
D. and D. R. Papaj. 1983. Demographic consequences of host
discrimination by Battus
philenor butterflies.
Ecology 64: 1402-1410. [Download
PDF file]
Rausher, M.
D. and D. R. Papaj. 1983. Host plant selection by Battus
philenor butterflies: evidence
for individual differences in foraging behavior. Animal Behaviour
31: 341-347. [Download
PDF file]
Rausher, M.
D. and M. R. Berenbaum. 1983. A natural occurrence of
inter-tribal copulation in
the Papilionidae. J. Lepid. Soc. 37: 81-82.
Papaj, D. R.
and M. D. Rausher. 1983. Individual variation in host
location by phytophagous insects.
pp. 77-124 in S. Ahmad (ed.) Herbivorous Insects: Host Seeking Behavior
and Mechanisms,
Academic Press, New York, NY.
Rausher, M.
D. 1983. The ecology of host selection behavior in
phytophagous insects. pp. 223-
257 in R. F. Denno and M. S. McClure (eds.) Variable Plants and
Herbivores in Natural
and Managed Systems. Academic Press, New York, NY.
Rausher, M.
D. 1982. Population differentiation in Euphydryas editha
butterflies: larval adaptation
to different hosts. Evolution 36: 581-590. [Download
PDF file]
Rausher, M.
D., D.
A. MacKay and M. C. Singer. 1982. Pre- and post-alighting
host
discrimination
by Euphydryas editha butterflies: the behavioral mechanisms
causing clumped distributions
of egg clusters. Animal Behaviour 29: 1220-1228. [Download
PDF file]
Rausher, M.
D. 1981. The effect of native vegetation on the
susceptibility of Aristolochia reticulata
(Aristolochiaceae) to herbivore attack. Ecology 62:
1187-1195. [Download
PDF file]
Rausher, M.
D. 1980. Host plant selection by Battus philenor
butterflies: the roles of predation,
nutrition, and plant chemistry. Ecological Monographs 51:
1-20. [Download
PDF file]
Rausher, M.
D. and P. Feeny. 1980. Herbivory, plant density and plant
reproductive success: the
effect of Battus philenor on Aristolochia
reticulata. Ecology 61: 905-917. [Download
PDF file]
Rausher, M.
D. 1980. Host abundance, juvenile survival, and oviposition
preference in Battus philenor.
Evolution 34: 342-355. [Download
PDF file]
Rausher, M.
D. 1980. Larval habitat suitability and oviposition
preference in three related butterflies.
Ecology 60: 503-511. [Download
PDF file]
Rausher, M. D. 1979. Egg recognition: its advantage to a butterfly. Animal Behaviour 27: 1034-1040. [Download PDF file]
Rausher, M.
D. and N. L. Fowler. 1979. Intersexual aggression and
nectar defense in Chauliognathus
distinguendus, Coleoptera:
Cantharidae. Biotropica 11: 96-100.[Download
PDF file]
Rausher, M.
D. 1978. Search image for leaf shape in a butterfly.
Science 200: 1071-1073.
[Download
PDF file]
II. Students and Postdocs
VIA, S..
1984. The quantitative genetics of polyphagy in an insect
herbivore. I. Genotype-environment
interaction in larval performance on different host plant
species. Evolution 38: 881-895.
VIA, S.
1984. The quantitative genetics of polyphagy in an insect
herbivore. II. Genetic correlations
in larval performance within and among host plants. Evolution
38: 896-
CAMPBELL,
D. R.
1985. Pollen and gene dispersal: the influences of competition
for
pollination.
Evolution 39: 418-431.
CAMPBELL,
D. R.
1985. Pollinator sharing and seed set of Stellaria pubera:
competition
for pollination.
Ecology 66: 544-553.
CAMPBELL,
D. R.
and A. F. Motten. 1985. The mechanisms of competition for
pollination
between
two forest herbs. Ecology 66: 554-563.
PAPAJ, D.
R. 1986. Shifts in foraging behavior by a Battus
philenor
population: field evidence for
switching by individual butterflies. Behavioral Ecology and
Sociobiology 19: 31-39.
PAPAJ, D.
R. 1986. Leaf buds: a factor in host selection by Battus
philenor butterflies. Ecological
Entomology11: 301-307.
PAPAJ, D.
R. 1986. Conditioning of leaf-shape discrimination by
chemical cues in the butterfly,
Battus philenor. Animal Behaviour 34: 1281-1288.
PAPAJ, D.
R. 1986. Inter-population differences in host
preference and the
evolution of learning in the
butterfly Battus philenor. Evolution 40: 518-530.
TURCHIN,
P. 1986. Modelling the effect of host patch size on
Mexican bean
beetle emigration.
Ecology 67: 124-132.
TURCHIN,
P. 1987. The effect of host-plant density on the
numbers of Mexican bean beetles,
Epilachna varivestis. American Midland Naturalist 119:
15-20.
TURCHIN,
P. 1987. The role of aggregation in the response of
Mexican bean
beetles to host-plant
density. Oecologia 71: 577-582
SIMMS, E.
L. 1988. Ecological genetics and evolution in insect
pests. American Journal of Alternative
Agriculture. 2: 153-159
SIMMS, E.
L. and D. S. Burdick. 1988. The utility of profile
analysis of variance in experimental
ecology. Biometrical Journal 30: 229-242.
SIMMS, E.
L. 1990. Examining selection on the multivariate
phenotype: plant resistance to herbivores.
Evolution 44: 1177-1188..
FRY, J. D.
1992. The mixed-model analysis of variance applied to
quantitative genetics: biological
meaning of the parameters. Evolution 46: 540-550.
PILSON, D. 1992. Aphid distribution and the evolution of goldenrod resistance. Evolution 46: 1358-1372.
PILSON, D.
1992. Relative resistance of goldenrod to aphid attack: changes
through the growing
season. Evolution 46: 1230-1236.
PILSON, D.
1992. Insect distribution patterns and the evolution of host
use. Pp. 120-139 in
R. S. Fritz and E. L. Simms (eds.). Plant Resistance to Herbivores
and Pathogens. Univ.
Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
FRY, J. D.
1993. The "general vigor" problem: can antagonistic pleiotropy be
detected when genetic
covariances are positive? Evolution 47: 327-333.
SIMMS, E.
L. and M. A. BUCHER. 1996. Pleiotropic effects
of flower-color intensity on herbivore
performance on Ipomoea purpurea. Evolution 50: 957-963.
MAURICIO,
R. and L. E. MOJONNIER. 1997. Reducing bias in the
measurement of selection. Trends in
Ecology and Evolution 12: 433-436.
MAURICIO,
R. 1998. Costs of resistance to natural enemies in field
populations of the annual plant,
Arabidopsis thaliana. American
Naturalist 151: 20-28.
MOJONNIER,
L. E. 1998. Natural selection on two seed size traits
in the common morning glory, Ipomoea
purpurea (Convolvulaceae):
patterns and evolutionary consequences. American Naturalist
152: 188-203.
UNDERWOOD,
N.C. 1998. The timing of induced resistance and induced
susceptibility in the
soybean-Mexican bean beetle system. Oecologia 114: 376-381.
UNDERWOOD,
N.C. 1999. The influence of plant and herbivore characteristics on
the interaction
between induced resistance and herbivore population dynamics. American
Naturalist 153:282-294.
UNDERWOOD,
N.C., W. F. Morris, K. Gross, and J. R. Lockwood.
2000.
Induced resistance to Mexican bean
beetles in soybean: variation among genotypes and lack of correlation
with constitutive resistance.
Oecologia 122: 83-89.
UNDERWOOD,
N.C. 1999. The interaction between induced plant resistance
and herbivore population
dynamics. In A. Agrawal, et al. editors, Induced plant defenses against
pathogens and herbivores:
biochemistry, ecology, and agriculture. American Phytopathological
Society Press.
UNDERWOOD,
N.C. 2000. Density dependence in induced plant
resistance to herbivore damage: threshold,
strength and genetic variation. Oikos 89: 295-300.
TIFFIN, P.
2000. Are tolerance, avoidance, and antibiosis evolutionarily
and ecologically equivalent
responses of plants to herbivores? The American Naturalist 155:
700-716.
TIFFIN, P.,
and B. D. Inouye. 2000. Measuring tolerance to herbivory:
accuracy and precision
of estimates made using natural versus imposed damage. Evolution
54: 1024-1029.
[Download
PDF file]
Manos, P.
S., R. E. MILLER, and P. Wilkin. 2001. Phylogenetic
analysis of Ipomoea, Argyreia,
Stictocardia, and Turbina suggests a
generalized model of morphological evolution
in morning glories. Systematic Botany 26: 585-602.
TIFFIN,
P. L., M. Olson and L. C. Moyle. 2001. Asymmetric
crossing barriers in angiosperms.
Proc. Roy. Soc. B. 268: 861-867.
Inouye, B.
and J.R. STINCHCOMBE. 2001. Relationships between
ecological interaction modifications and
diffuse coevolution: similarities, differences, and causal links. Oikos
95: 353-360.
Morris, W.
F., P. L. Bloch, B. R. Hudgens, L. C. Moyle and J.R. STINCHCOMBE.
2002. 'Population
Viability Analysis in endangered species recovery planning: Past use
and recommendations for
future improvement. Ecolgical Applications (in press).
STINCHCOMBE,
J.
R. 2002. Fitness consequences of cotyledon and mature-leaf damage
in
the Ivyleaf
morning glory. Oecologia 131: 220-226.
STINCHCOMBE,
J.
R. 2002. Environmental-dependency in the expression of costs of
tolerance to deer herbivory.
Evolution 56: 1063-1067.
HAHN, M.W. and G.A. Wray. 2002. The G-value paradox. Evolution and Development 4: 73-75.
TIFFIN, P.
and HAHN, M.W.. 2002. Coding sequence divergence between
two closely related plant species:
Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica
rapa ssp. pekinensis. Journal of Molecular
Evolution 54: 746-753.
Huelsenbeck, J. P.,
B. Larget, R. E. MILLER, and F. Ronquist. 2002. Potential
applications and pitfalls of Bayesian inference
of phylogeny. Systematic Biology
51: 673-688.
MILLER,
R. E., T. R. Buckley, and P. S. Manos. 2002. An examination of the
monophyly of morning glory taxa using Bayesian
phylogenetic inference. Systematic Biology 51: 740-753.
WISE, M.
J. 2002. Nonfruiting hermaphroditic flowers as
reserve ovaries in Solanum carolinense. America Midland
Naturalist 148:236-245.
WISE, M. J., and A. M. Weinberg. 2002. Prior flea beetle herbivory affects oviposition preference and larval performance of a
potato beetle on their shared host plant. Ecological Entomology 27: 115-122.
HAHN, M. W.,
J. E. Stajich, and G. W. Wray. 2003. Effects of selection
against spurious transcription factor binding sites.
Molecular Biology and Evolution 20: 901-906.
MENDELSON,
T.C. 2003. Sexual isolation evolves faster than hybrid
inviability
in a diverse and sexually dimorphic genus of fish.
Evolution 57: 317-327.
MENDELSON,
T. 2003. Evidence of intermediate and asymmetrical
behavioral isolation between Orangethroat and Orangebelly
darters (Teleostei:
Percidae). American Midland Naturalist 150: 343-347.
HAHN, M.
W., and R. Alexander Bentley. 2003. Drift as a
mechanism for cultural change: an example from baby names.
Proc. Royal Soc. (B)
270: S120-S123.
Wray, G. A.,
M. W. HAHN, E. Abouheif, J. P. Balhoff, M. Pizer, M. V. Rockman,
and
L. Romano. 2003.
The evolution of transcriptional
regulation in eukaryotes. Molecular Biology and Evolution
20: 1377-1419.