Appendix E:

Annotated Bibliography


Allen, Robert. 1982. Repairing flexible molds can be easy. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin, no. 125: 45.: The merits of using Dow Corning 732 adhesive/ sealant to repair silicone molds and a cyanoacrylate-based adhesive to repair polysulfide rubbers and latex are discussed.

Andrews, O. 1983. Living Materials: A Sculptor's Handbook. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Anonymous. 1982. Technology trends: a mighty cast. Technology and Conservation Magazine, vol. 7(4) 5-6.

Arnold, Zach M. 1965. The use of plastics in paleontology. In B. Kummel and D. Raup (eds.), Handbook of Paleontological Techniques, pp. 420-422. New York: W.H. Freeman and Co.: Of only tangential relevance, this is an interesting account of the uses of an inexpensive, homemade thermoplastic injection apparatus in making small plastic devices useful in micropaleontological studies.

Babcock, Loren E. 1989. Casting with plaster of paris. In R.M. Feldman, R.E. Chapman, and J.T. Hannibal (eds.), Paleotechniques, pp. 320-325. Knoxville, TN: Paleontological Society Special Publication.: The advantages and disadvantages of casting with plaster are discussed. A discussion of some plasters is given and a basic casting method for plaster is presented. Mention is made of additives such as hardeners and accelerants.

Baird, Donald. 1951. Latex molds in paleontology. Compass of Sigma Gamma Epsilon, vol. 28(4): 339-345.

Baird, Donald. 1952. Revision of the Pennsylvanian and Permian footprints Limnopus, Allopus and Baropus. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 26(5): 832-840.

Baird, Donald. 1955. Latex micro-molding and latex-plaster molding mixture. Science, vol. 122(3161): 202.: Two latex molding techniques are presented. In the first, useful for making detailed latex casts of minute impressions, a latex solution is diluted to a milk-like consistency with deaerated water, then applied to a surfactant-treated surface in many thin layers. It can then be thickened with layers of undiluted latex. The second technique involves adding plaster to latex. The plaster works not only as a thickener, but also as a drying agent and accelerant. Layers are 2 mm thick, and set up in about 1 minute.

Baird, Donald. 1974. Latex formen in de palaeontologie. Museologia, vol. 2: 41-43.

Baird, Donald. 1985. Steam locomotives and bone-colored bones. Curator, vol. 28(3): 227-230.

Barker, B.C.W., and K.C. Parsons. 1965. Replicas of teeth. Australian Dental Journal, no. 10: 393-394.

Barker, B.C.W., B.C. Lockett, and K.C. Parsons. 1969. The demonstration of root canal anatomy. Australian Dental Journal, no. 14: 37-41.

Barker, B.C.W., K.C. Parsons, and P.R. Mills. 1972. Teaching aids in dental anatomy. Australian Journal of Medical Technology, no. 3: 53-58.

Barnhart, G.W. 1960. A new material and technique in the art of somato-prosthesis. Journal of Dental Research, no. 39: 836.

Barnhart, G.W. 1961. Silicone rubber as a laboratory duplicating material. Journal of Dental Research, no. 40: 859.

Bastl, F. 1968. Methody a poznatky pri odlevani fosilii v paleontologickem oddeleni Narodniho muzea v Praze-Prirodovedeckeho muzea. Casopis Narodniho Muzea, vol. 137(1/2): 117-120. [Methods and recognition of casting of fossils used in the Department of Paleontology, National Museum, Prague.]

Bather, F.A. 1926. Plaster casts in a cargo of notions. The Museum Journal (London), vol. 25: 278-280.

Battetta, J. 1947. Constitution de collections paléontologiques, préhistoriques, ethnographiques par un procédé simplifié de moulage. Societé Linneenne de Lyon, Bulletin Mensuel, no. 34:147-150. [________ of paleontological, prehistoric, and ethnographic collections by a simplified molding procedure.]

Becker, G. and E. Gottwald. 1981. Verwendung von Relo-Porcelin Positivgiessmasse in der Mikropaläontologie. Der Präparator, vol. 27(3): 115-116. [The use of Relo-Porcelin casting compound in micropaleontology.]

Becker, G. and G. Lippmann. 1972. Positiv-Abdrücke zarter paläontologisher Objekte. Der Präparator, vol. 18(3/4): 80-83. [Positive casts of delicate paleontological objects.]

Beckmann, W. 1986. Herstellen einer Negativform und eines Abgusses in Beton der Saurierfährte von Münchehagen. Der Präparator, vol. 32(4): 329-335. [Restoring molds and casting tracks in concrete of reptiles from Münchehagen.]

Bell, J.F. 1939. Notes on the uses of methyl methacrylate "Lucite" in a geological laboratory. Economic Geology, no. 34: 804-811.

Benfield, J.R. and George W. Barnhart. 1965. A new approach to fitting the ileostomy faceplate. The Surgical Clinics of North America, no. 45: 1225.

Benton, M.J. and A.D. Walker. 1981. The use of flexible synthetic rubber for casts of complex fossils from natural moulds. Geological Magazine, vol. 118(5): 551-556.

Bessom, Leonard C. 1963. A technique for mounting skeletons with fiberglass. Curator, vol. 6(3): 231-239.

Boardman, E.T. 1950. Techniques of life casting of small vertebrates. Museum News of Washington, vol. 28(11): 7-8.

Bowsher, A.L. and W.J. Greeg, Jr. 1948. Mounting fossil specimens in plastic. Compass of Sigma Gamma Epsilon, vol. 25(2): 68-70.

Brand, L., and G. Dupper. 1982. Dental impression materials useful for making molds of fossils. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 56(5): 1305-1307.

Brink, A.S. 1956. On the uses of Glyptal in palaeontology. Palaeontologia Africana, no. 4: 124-130.: The multiple uses of Glyptal G 1276 Cement in adhesion, reinforcement, fossil preparation, molding preparation, acid techniques, and preservation are discussed. Its ability to be thinned with acetone and to bond to nearly everything except rubber render it invaluable to the paleontologist.

Bromage, Tim G. 1985. Systematic inquiry in tests of negative/ positive replica combinations for SEM. Journal of Microscopy, no. 137: 209.

Burke, Ann C., Michael Anderson, Alison Weld, and Eugene S. Gaffney. 1983. The reconstruction and casting of a large extinct turtle, Meiolania. Curator, vol. 26(1): 5-26.: The molding, casting, reconstruction and articulation of a large turtle are discussed. Latex was used for most molds. Polysulfide rubber was used to cast distorted carapace fragments, which could then be flexed into natural positions and re-molded. Monzini was used as casting medium as well as an adhesive in the articulation.

Butler, A.E. 1934. Building the Museum Group. Guide Leaflet Series, no. 82. New York: American Museum of Natural History.

Cassidy, Martin W. 1964. Reinforced plastics: casting and laying up in latex rubber molds. Curator, vol. 7(1): 63-79.

Carreck, J.N. and S.J. Adams. 1969. Field extraction and laboratory preparation of fossil bones and teeth using expanded polyurethane. Proceedings of the Geologists Association (London), vol. 80:81-89.

Cartmill, Matt and William L. Hylander. 1973. On the production, marketing and utilization of the Wenner-Gren casts. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, no. 17: 219-232.: An overview is presented of the Wenner-Gren casting program an its supplier, Anthro-Cast. Their casting process ('the Gilbert technique') is outlined, especially those points important to high volume cast production. Problems faced, including high shrinkage, mold damage, and inappropriate uses of their casts are discussed. An appendix of cast producers, now outdated, is also given.

Cassidy, M.W. 1964. Reinforced plastics: casting and laying up in latex rubber molds. Curator, vol. 8(4): 63-79.

Caster, K.E. 1941. The Titusvilliidae. Palaeont. Amer., vol. 2(12). Footnote, p.40.

Caster, K.E. 1983. A new Silurian carpoid echinoderm from Tasmania and a revision of the Allanicytidiidae. Alcheringa, vol. 7(3/4): 321-335.: -contains "rubber casting in a serial fashion, pp. 322-323.

Chaney, C. and S. Skee. 1973. Plaster Mold and Model Making. New York: Van Nostrand Reinold Co. 144 pp.

Chaney, Dan S. 1981. RTV-700 molding compound. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin, no. 122: 58-59.: The uses and advantages of General Electric's RTV-700 over other RTV silicone molding products are discussed. Mold life is increased, and a variety of working times can be obtained with several curing agents.

Chaney, Dan S. 1985. PMC-724 urethane elastomer (molding compound). Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin, no. 134: 57-58.: The molding compound is tested and found to cure quicker than latex rubbers, and is stronger and stretchier than silicone or polysulfide rubbers. It can be thickened and it seems to be compatible with ordinary set-up materials. Its application to original specimens is questioned, and it is pointed out that cured molds may soften with age.

Chaney, Dan S. 1987. Fiber glass reinforced gypsum cement, applications and methods for use in the laboratory, field, and museum exhibits. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 7 (supplement to no. 3): 13a-14a.: An abstract of a paper in which the uses of a reinforced plaster are presented. Hydrocal FGR-95 gypsum cement can be easily impregnated with Surmat continuous filament fiberglass mat and has a long setting time of 50-70 minutes. Applications to hollow skull and flat panel casting, as well as jacketing, are mentioned.

Chaney, Dan S. 1989. Mold making with room temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber. In R.M. Feldman, R.E. Chapman, and J.T. Hannibal (eds.), Paleotechniques, pp. 284-304. Knoxville, TN: Paleontological Society Special Publication.

Chaney, Dan S. and Mark B. Goodwin. 1989. R.T.V. silicone rubber compounds used for molding fossil vertebrate specimens: a comparison. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 9(4): 471-473.

Chaney, Dan S., Kathy Rafferty, and Frederick F. Grady. 1989. Mold dikes: cardboard a time saver. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin, no. 146: 75-77 plus figures.: A time saving method is discussed in which cardboard and hot glue are used to form set-up blocks, jacket walls, and dikes on larger multi-piece molds. Applications to micro-fauna are also discussed.

Chaney, Dan S., P. Kroehler, and A.D. Lewis. 1991. Molding and casting the world's largest turtle Stupendemys geographicus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, no. 11 (supplement to no. 3): 21a.

Chase, Terry L. 1979. Methods for the preparation of paleontological models. In M.G. Bassett (ed.), Curation of Paleontological Collections. Special Papers in Paleontology, no. 22: 225-267.

Cherry, R. 1967. General Plastics. Bloomington, IL: McKnight & McKnight Publishing co. 318 pp.

Clarke, Carl D. 1946. Molding and Casting: for Moulage Workers, Sculptors, Artists, Physicians, Dentists, Criminologists, Pattern Makers and Architectural Modelers. (2nd ed.) 300 pp. Butler, MD: Standard Arts Press.

Colbert, Edwin H. 1965. Old bones, and what to do about them. Curator, vol. 8(4): 302-318.

Conkin, J.E. 1956. Plastic spray in laboratory and field. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, vol. 26(1): 68.

Converse, Howard H. 1981. "Bean-pod" overmold. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin, no. 122: 60-61.: A method of making light-weight jackets by using plaster bandages to a thickness of 1/8" is discussed. Jackets fully enclose the mold and are held together with bolts.

Converse, Howard H. 1981. Repairing silicone rubber molds. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin, no. 123: 49-50.: A short discussion touting the use of Dow Corning Silicone Rubber Clear Sealant in repairing torn silicone molds.

Converse, Howard H. 1982. New techniques in "bean-pod" casting. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin, no. 125: 45-46.: An intriguing article expanding on his earlier "bean-pod" method. An old, heavy mold was rejacketed using the technique and had its weight reduced from 21kg to 4kg-an 81% reduction. Also presented was the method of replacing plaster blocks with water-whipped silicone rubber blocks, which has numerous advantages.

Converse, Howard H. 1983. A new procedure in silicone rubber moldmaking. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin, no. 128: 65-66.: A new method of low cost molding is discussed. Dish soap was used as a release agent, Dow Corning 3110 RTV was thinned with toluene and used for the inner layers, and Dow Corning 732 caulk was used for the outer layers with cheesecloth as a reinforcement.

Converse, Howard H. 1984. Handbook of Paleo-Preparation Techniques. 125 pp. Gainesville, FL: Florida State Museum.

Converse, Howard H. 1984. An evaluation of Friendly Plastic™ compound. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin, no. 132: 55.: A short note discussing the application of a heat-softened plastic to fossil reconstruction. The plastic was supplied in pellets, softened in hot water, rolled into long rods, and applied to the fossil. Modifications were made with a soldering iron and a hair dryer. Its adhesive qualities are also mentioned.

Converse, Howard H. 1984. Mildew protection in storage of latex molds. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin, no. 131: 49.: A solution is presented to the problem of mildew growth on plaster casts stored long-term inside latex molds. A small amount of Physan 20 was added to the plaster solution, inhibiting mildew growth. Manufacturer's address is given.

Cooper, G.A. 1933. A method for the preparation of fossils. Science, n.s., vol. 77(394): ??-??

Darrah, W.C. 1936. The peel method in paleobotany. Harvard University Botanical Museum Leaflets, no. 4, 8pp.

Del Bene, Terry A., Rosalie Robertson, and William Wadleigh. 19__. Moldmaking procedures for the mass production of artifact replicas. ___________, no. __: 32-38.: A technique is presented for producing 25-50 molds of artifacts per full-time worker per day. Molding is accomplished with a minimum of laboratory supplies and only moderate amounts of molding rubber. The drawbacks include lack of control over partline placement, bubble formation, no registration tabs, and only moderate cast quality. An interesting attempt at pushing the envelope, however.

De Lucia, R.H. 1958. Constructing large molds of very small objects. Curator, vol. 1(4): 53-62.

Dill, H.R. 1960. Artificial accessories for habitat groups. Museum Graphic, 12(4):16-20.

Dolezal, T.P., H.A. Pfisterer and I.M. White. 1972. Dibromopolybutdiene. Rubber Age, vol. 104(2): 37-43.

Dow Corning. 1972. Reproduce intricate parts easily with Silastic RTV silicone moldmaking rubber. Dow Corning Bulletin, #61-0333, 4 pp.

Dow Corning. 1975. Dow Corning Bulletin, #61-284a, ___ pp..

Dow Corning. 1976a. How to make a mold with Silastic RTV silicone rubber. Dow Corning Bulletin, #61-192a, 7 pp.

Dow Corning. 1976b. How to make a multi-piece mold with Silastic RTV silicone rubber. Dow Corning Bulletin, #61-265a, 8 pp.

Edmund, Gordon. 1986. Mold making using silicone caulking compound. In J. Waddington and D.M. Rudkin (eds.), Procedings of the 1985 Workshop on Care and Maintenance of Natural History Collections, pp. 15-20. Life Sciences Miscellaneous Publications, Ontario:Royal Ontario Museum.

Evans, Y. 1977. Moulding and casting a dinosaur trackway. Kalori, vol. 53: 39-41.

Farmer, W.M. and G.P. Ives. 1965. How to prepare fiber glass fish for museum displays. Museum News of Washington, vol. 44(2): 47-50.

Feiss, J.W. 1926. Casting invertebrate fossils in sealing wax and type metal. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, vol. 37(1): 235.

Feldman, Maurice M. 1985. Simplified mold turner. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology New Bulletin, no. 133: 59.: A quick description of a mold rotation machine at AMNH built almost entirely of spare and salvaged items. Address is given for further information.

Feldman, Rodney M., Ralph E. Chapman, and Joseph T. Hannibal. 1989. Paleotechniques. The Paleontological Society, Special Publication No. 4. Knoxville, TN: Department of Geological Sciences. 358 pp.: A collection of 41 contributed papers addressing various paleontological techniques from fossil preparation, examination of internal anatomy, work on micro- and mega-fossils, photography, and molding and casting.

Fischer, Alfred. 1939. Rubber casts and molds of fossils. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 13(6): 621.: An early note extolling the advantages of self-vulcanizing rubber as a molding and casting compound over such compunds as clay, gelatin, and gutta percha.

Fischer, J.C., and J. Richir. 1982. Techniques et méthodes de la paléontologie: V, le moulage des fossiles. Le Monde et les Mineraux, vol. 49: 44-47. [Techniques and methods of paleontology: 5, molding of fossils.]

Fitzgerald, G.R. 1983. The wet-epoxy-surface technique of casting with pour-in-place polyurethane foam. In D.J. Faber (ed.), Proceedings of the 1981 Workshop on Care and Maintenance of Natural History Collections, Syllogeus no. 44, pp. 75-78. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada.

Fleischmann, Marc. 1979. Open-face mold making. Curator, vol. 22(4): 265-270.

Frazier, Frank. (1973?). Production of artifact casts using epoxy resin. Newsletter of Lithic Technology, vol. 2(1-2): 15-22.: An expansion of an earlier, quirky molding technique posed by Rohner (1970), as well as a discourse on casting using pigmented epoxy resins to obtain realistic colors in the final cast. Heat is used to thin and de-air the epoxy resin. Materials used are: Dow Corning Silastic E and No. 1 catalyst, and Scotchcast #5 electical resin.

Gage, C. 1966. A process for making model sea anemones. Museum News of Washington, (Technical Supplement), vol. 44(8):1-3.

Gardner, George S. 1974. Casting lifelike models from living animals. Curator, vol. 17(1): 10-15.

Gardner, George S. 1981. More dinosaurs for sale. Curator, vol. 24(3): 149-156.

Garner, Murvel R. 1953. The preparation of latex casts of soil cavities for the study of tunneling activities of animals. Science, vol. 118(3066): 380-381.: A tangential but interesting study of a latex casting technique. Liquid latex is thinned with a 1:8 ammonia-water solution and poured into earthworm and ant holes in soil. Casts are dug up after 2-3 days, revealing intricate burrowing structures. In some trials, a surfactant was added to the latex, and in others, the soil was partially deaerated to enhance penetration.

General Electric. 1972. A practical guide for avoiding inhibition in the RTV flexible molding compounds. General Electric Report, #TSR-1741, 4 pp.

General Electric. 1979. The Moldmakers RTV-700. Waterford, NY: General Electric Silicone Products Department, 4 pp.

Gill, E.D., K.E. Caster, and P.C.R. Boswell. 1956. Simple apparatus for vacuum injection of moulding latex. Australian Journal of Science, vol. 18(6): 198-199.

Goodwin, Mark B. and Dan S. Chaney. 1994. Molding and casting: techniques and materials. In P. Leiggi and P.J. May (eds.), Vertebrate Paleontological Techniques: 1. Methods of Obtaining and Preparing Vertebrate Fossils, pp. ___-___. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Grantham, R.G. 1983. Casting fossil footprints in a limited-access time location. In D.J. Faber (ed.), Proceedings of the 1981 Workshop on Care and Maintenance of Natural History Collections. Syllogeus, no. 44: 79-87.

Green, J. 1832. A Monograph of the Trilobites of North America: with Coloured Models of the Species. Philadelphia: published by the author. 94 pp.

Griem, M.L. and George W. Barnhart. 1962. Use of a resiliant material for intra-oral radium mold featuring an after-loading technic. Radiology, no. 79: 856.

Grupe, S. 1981. Abformen geologischer Grossobjekte im Rahmen der Präparatorenausbildung in Bochum. Der Präparator, vol. 27(4): 145-155. [Casts of large geological objects in the context of preparator's training in Bochum.]

Guerra Paint & Pigment. 1990. Booklet #2: Technical Manual & Glossary of Terms. New York: Guerra Paint & Pigment. 22 pp.

Guerra Paint & Pigment. 1993. Booklet #3: Product Information & Pigment Charts. New York: Guerra Paint & Pigment. 29pp.

Günther, A. 1981. Gehirnkapselabgüsse von Hohlenbaren. Der Präparator, vol. 27(3): 129-131. [Casting brain cases of cave bears.]

Gunther, V.G., D.G. Guillot and J.Keith Rigby. 1979. Enlargement of casts and molds of polybutadiene rubber. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 53: 742-744.: The article discusses the use of a custom-made impression material which can be temporarily expanded to twice its original size by complete immersion in toluene for 24 hours. Applications to natural molds of invertebrates are discussed.

Hachiya, K. Y. Mizuno and Y. Matsuhashi. 1980. Modeling method with alginate impression material and acrylic resin. Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum, no 7: 99-104. In Japanese.

Hagerman, T. and Lennart Nyström. 1952. Impregnering av porösa material med plast för mikroundersökningar. Geologiska foreningens i Stockholm forhandlinger, no. 74: 212-217.

Hannibal, Joseph T. 1989. Selective bibliography of paleontological techniques (1964-1988). In R.M. Feldman, R.E. Chapman, and J.T. Hannibal (eds.), Paleotechniques, pp. 37-69 Knoxville, TN: Paleontological Society Special Publication.: A broad and comprehensive survey of notable published works in the various subfields of paleontological preparation. The bibliography is divided into 38 sections, each dedicated to a particular technique or activity. Emphasis is placed on more recent works published in English, with significant and highly recommended works identified.

Hartt, M.B. 1926. Lull originates new type of fossil group. Museum News of Washington, vol. 3(15):2.

Hasluck, P.N. 1908. Clay Modeling and Plaster Casting. London: Cassell.

Heaton, Malcolm J. 1980. New advances in latex casting techniques. Curator, vol. 23(2): 95-100.: A method for making detailed latex casts from natural molds is presented. Thinned natural latex, colored with acrylic polymer paints, is used for the detail coats. The latex is applied in numerous thin coats with an external-mix airbrush, and casts are complete in about a day.

Heintz, Natascha. 1963. Casting dinosaur footprints at Spitsbergen. Curator, vol. 6(3): 217-225.

Herbert, R. 1977. Modelling plants in wax. Rivista di Storia Delle Scienze Mediche e Naturali, 20: 649-656.

Hicks, D. 1966a. Reproduction of biological specimens in neoprene latex. Museum News of Washington, (Technical Supplement), vol. 45(4): 45-49.

Hicks, D. 1966b. Epoxy whale models. Museum News of Washington, vol. 45(4): 50-52.

Hjortaa, H. 1983. Polyvinylacetat--(PVA)--Dispersionen als Positiv-Abformmasse. Der Präparator, vol. 29(4): 189-195. [Polyvinyl acetate (PVA) dispersion of the positive cast.]

Hoffman, M.K. 1967. Totem pole casting procedure. The Artisan, 2(2): 4-6.

Howells, Y. 1975. Comment on alginate impression compound. Newsletter of the Geological Curators Group, vol. 1(5): 244-245.

Howie, F.M.P. 1987. Safety considerations for the geological conservator. Geological Curator, vol. 4(7): 379-401.

Ilkjaer, J. 1979. A new method for observation and recording use-wear. In B. Hayden (ed.), Lithic Use-Wear Analysis, pp. 345-350. New York: Academic Press.

Irwin, H.T. and G.R. Muto. 1975. The Preservation and Documentation of Edge Damage Patterns in the Field or in Remote Locations: Photography and Casting. Unpublished manuscript: Laboratory of Anthropology, Washington State University.

Jensen, James A. 1961. A new casting medium for use in flexible and rigid molds. Curator, vol. 4(1): 76-90.

Jeremiah, C.J. 1980. Fiberglass molding techniques in paleontology. The Plaster Jacket, vol. 35: 3-13.

Kelly, K. 1983. The Moulding and Casting of Dinosaurs: A Workshop Manual. Melbourne, Australia: Museum of Melbourne.

Kelly, S.R.A. and A. McLachlan. 1980. The use of silicone rubbers in the preparation of casts from natural fossil moulds. Geological Magazine, vol. 117(5): 447-454.

Keyes, I.W. 1959. Paleontological casting and molding techniques. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, vol. 2(1): 56-65.

Kier, P.M., R.E. Grant, and E.L. Yochelson. 1965. Whitening fossils. In B. Kummel and D. Raup (eds.), Handbook of Paleontological Techniques, pp. 453-456, New York: W.H. Freeman and Co.

Kummel, B., and Raup, D.M. 1965. Handbook of Paleontological Techniques. 852 pp. New York: W.H. Freeman & Co..

Lanooy, René. 1975. Über das Verhalten einiger Silikonkautschuktypen gegenüber Epoxidharz (Rüdapox). Der Präparator, vol. 21(2): 49-56. [About the characteristics of silicone rubbers versus epoxy resin (Rütapox).]

Lanooy, René. 1983. Silikonkautschuk m-Polymer 435T und 444Z, zwie neue Abformassen. Der Präparator, vol. 29(1): 23-24. [Silicone rubber m-polymers 435T and 444Z, two new casting materials.]

Lanooy, René. 1984. Über die Herstellung von Hohlgüssen mit einer verbesserten Rotationsguß-Maschine. Der Präparator, vol. 30(4): 381-388. [A new casting method with a modified mold rotator.]: The construction and use of an elaborate and sturdy mold rotation device are detailed. The author discusses his use of Rütapox 0164/D epoxy and H 501 hardener, as well as Rütapox 0164 and 105/B hardener in conjunction with the mold rotator and a heat lamp to produce hollow plastic mid-sized crania and solid small invertebrate casts. Materials, photos, and schematics are given.

Lawson, P.F. 1952. Plastics in the museum. Art Galleries and Museums Association of Australia and New Zealand News Bulletin, no. 6: 9-13.

Leclercq, S. and M. Discry. 1950. De l'Utilisation du Plastique en Paléontologie Végétale. Societé Géologique de Belgique, Annales, no. 72B(3-7): 151-155.

Lierl, H.-J. and G. Zabel. 1979. Relo-Porcelin--eine neue Positivgiessmasse. Der Präparator, vol. 25(1): 23-24. [Relo-Porcelin, a new casting material for positive casts.]

Madsen, James H., Jr. 1972. Petroglyphs - a method for "collecting". Curator, vol. 15(1): 62-71.

Madsen, James H. Jr. 1974. Derakane vinyl ester resins - an alternative to plaster-of-paris. Curator, vol. 17(1): 64-75.: A method for using an experimental vinyl ester resin called Derakane instead of plaster-of-paris is presented. A discussion of the advantages and disadvantages over plaster is given. Derakane weighs less, but is expensive, toxic, flammable, needs precise measurement and mixing, and must be oven dried. The technique is presented, both in text and abundant photos. Address is given.

Mann, Alan and Janet Monge. 1987. Reproducing our ancestors: the University Museum's casting program. Expedition, vol. 29(1): 2-9.: A lucid popular introduction to the concepts, history and importance of molding and casting in paleoanthropology. Includes a discussion on the importance of proper curation of pattern masters and molds for the future of fossil research.

McCann, Michael. 1985. Health Hazards Manual for Artists. New York: Nick Lyons. 104 pp.

McCarty, Russ. 1982. Salvaging flawed plaster casts. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin, no. 126: 50-51.: A short discourse on repairing common problems on plaster casts, such as bubbles, hairline cracks, and missing morphology.

McCrady, A.D. 1978. Casting machine plans. The Chiseler, vol. 1(2): 17-21

McLaughlin, M.F. 1978. A new casting method for belemnites and similarly shaped fossils. Current Research, Part B, Canadian Geological Survey Paper, no. 78-1B: 175-179.

McLean, J.W. 1958. Silicone impression materials. British Dental Journal, no. 104: 441-451.

Migdalski, Edward C. 1963. Fish exhibits. Curator, vol. 6(4): 312-316.

Miller, R.M. 1971. Figure Sculpture in Wax and Plaster. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. 175 pp.

Moore, B.P. and B.J. Southgate. 1953. Embedding specimens in methyl methacrylate: a new cold-casting technique. The Museum Journal (London), vol. 53: 219-222.

Morbeck, Mary Ellen. 1977. The use of casts and other problems in reconstructing the Dryopithecus (Proconsul) africanus wrist complex. Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 6: 65-78.

Muñoz Amor, J. 1952. Un nuevo méthodo de reproductiones plásticas con fines paleontológicos. Instituto Geologico y Minero de España, Notas y Communicaciones, no. 27:159-167.

Murrill, Rupert I. and Donald T. Wallace. 1971. A method for making an endocranial cast through the foramen magnum of an intact skull. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 34(3): 441-446.

Naiman, D.N. and A. Katz. 1964. Production of disposible brain models. Turtox News, no. 42: ___ - ___.

Neal, Arminta. 1962. New uses for styrofoam plastic in museum display. Curator, vol. 5(2):128-136.

Newark Museum Association. 1931. Making a durable modeling material. The Museum (Newark Museum Association), no. ___: 182-183.

Newell, N.D. 1939. Permian pelecypod genus Liebea. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 13: 589-593.

Newman, T.R. 1974. Plastics as Sculpture. Radnor, PA: Chilton Book Co. 224 pp.

Nicholson, Thomas D. Dinosaurs for sale. Curator, vol. 16(1): 66-82.

Nielson, R.M. 1967. Hot melt vinyl. The Artisan, vol. 2(4): 3.

O'Brian, P.J. 1961. Casting in fiberglass. Curator, vol. 4(2): 108-116.

O'Donnell, Robert, and John H. Hanley. 1983. The "gourmet" staining of plaster casts. Curator, vol. 26(4): 307-313.: A method of quickly painting plaster casts to match original specimens is presented. A liquid herb and spice mix was utilized as a brown base coat, which was darkened with india ink and toned with natural pigments. Pieces were finished with clear lacquer.

Orem, Helen G. 1964. Lightweight, hollow models of reinforced plaster. Curator, vol. 7(4): 282-286.

Packer, James. 1979. Pierino DiCarlo: master model builder. Curator, vol. 22(3): 185-198.

Panting, J. 1972. Sculpture in Glass-Fibre. London: Lund Humphries. 120 pp.

Parsley, Ronald L. 1989. Latex casting of macroinvertebrate fossils. In R.M. Feldman, R.E. Chapman, and J.T. Hannibal (eds.), Paleotechniques, pp. 275-281. Knoxville, TN: Paleontological Society Special Publication.

Parsons, Kenneth C. 1968. Applications of modern plastics to fossil casting techniques. In D.J. Mulvaney (ed.), Australian Archaeology, Manual no. 4. Canberra: A.I.A.S.

Parsons, Kenneth C. 1973. Precision casting: a new method in museum technology. American Journal ofPhysical Anthropology, 38(3): 789-802.: An intricate and ingenius method of producing casts displaying endo- and ectocranial morphology is detailed. Dimensional accuracy is shown to be retained. Techniques also described, requisite to his method, are mechanical mold rotation and the use of pneumatic pressure. Details of the mold rotator are included in an appendix.

Patterson, B. 1937. Some notoungulate braincasts. Geology series no. 6. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History.

Percy, G.E. 1958. Artificial plants. Curator, vol. 1(3): 12-35.

Petersen, George E. 1966. Artificial mushrooms. Curator, vol. 9(1): 62-66.

Peyer, B. 1949. Galvanoplastische nachbildungen von fossilien. Schweizerische Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Verhandlungen, no. 129: 142.

Purves, P.E. and R.S.J. Martin. 1950. Some developments in the use of plastics in museum technology. The Museum Journal (London), vol. 49: 293.

Quilty, P.G. and A.J. Williams. 1975. The use of dental impression material for molding macrofossils. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 49(4): 767.

Quinn, J.H. 1940. Latex in paleontology. Rubber Age, vol. 47(4).

Quinn, J.H. 1940. Rubber molds and plaster casts in the paleontological laboratory. Fieldiana Field Museum of Natural History (Technique Series), no. 6: 1-21.

Quinn, J.H. 1940. The use of latex in paleontology. Museum News of Washington, vol. 18(9): 10-11.

Quinn, J.H. 1952. Concerning rubber molds and plastic casts. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin, no. 36: 28.: A short bibliography of articles relevant to molding and casting, accompanied by a brief explanatory note.

Quinn, J.H. 1957. Mud matrix for rubber molds. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin, no. 49: 31.: A method is presented to eliminate the need for heavy plaster jackets on large molds. A container is filled with an inert powder mixed with water to the consistency of casting plaster. The rubber mold is then set into this thick liquid, which supports it during casting. Potential distortion is not discussed.

Rainey, Robert H., and Kyle L. Davies. 1985. Acid quickened latex. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin, no. 135: 46.: A three-step dip method is presented which greatly reduces cure time for latex molds. The specimen is first dipped in thinned latex, then dilute acetic acid, then rinsed in water and repeated to desired thickness. The specimen must then (presumably) be cut from the mold.

Rasetti, F. 1944. Moulage en métal de petits fossiles. Association Canadienne-Française pour l'Avancement des Sciences, Annales, no. 10: 81.

Rasetti, F. 1947. Notes on techniques in invertebrate paleontology. Journal of Paleontology, no. 21: 397-399.

Rau, R. 1955. Abformen von naturkörpern mit latex-gummi. Natur und Volk, vol. 85(10): 321-326.

Rennie, G.S. III. 1969. Reproduction of a skeleton. Discovery, vol. 5(1): 17-22.

Reser, Peter K. 1981. Precision casting of small fossils: an update. Curator, vol. 24(3): 157-180.

Rich, J.C. 1947. The Materials and Methods of Sculpture. New York: Oxford University Press. 416 pp.

Rigby, J. Keith, and David L. Clark. 1965. Casting and molding. In B. Kummel and D. Raup (eds.), Handbook of Paleontological Techniques, pp. 389-413, New York: W.H. Freeman and Co.

Rixon, A.E. and M.J. Meade. 1956. Casting techniques. Museums Journal, no. 56: 9-13.

Rixon, A.E. and M.J. Meade. 1960. Glass fibre resin casts of fossils. Paleontology Journal, no. 13 (or 3?): 124-126.

Rixon A.E. 1976. Fossil Animal Remains: their Preparation and Conservation. 304 pp. London: The Athlone Press of the University of London.

Rohner, J.R. 1958. Reproducing artifacts in acrylic. Museum Graphic, vol 10(3): 16-17.

Rohner, J.R. 1970. Techniques of making plastic casts of artifacts from permanent molds. American Antiquity, vol. 35(2): 223-226.: A method for molding, casting, and painting artifacts is outlined. The methods used, including gluing the artifact to the set-up block and removing the specimen from the mold halfway through the molding process are rudimentary and can be improved upon.

Rose, Jennie J. 1983. A replication technique for scanning electron microscopy: applications for anthropologists. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, no. 62: 255-261.

Rowley, J. 1925. Taxidermy and Museum Exhibition. New York: Appleton. 331 pp.

St. Joseph, J.K.S. 1938. The pentameracea of the Oslo region. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, vol. 17(4): 225-336.

Sattler, F. 1975. Färben und Giessen von Duplikaten (Mimoplastiken). Der Präparator, vol. 21(1): 16-19. [_____ and _____ (staining) of replicas.]

Schlossmacher, K. 1919. Ein verfahren zur herrichtung von schriefrigen und lockeren gesteinen zum dünnschleifen. Zentralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie un Paleontologie, no. ___: 190-192.

Schrimper, George D. 1973. Hollow casting of fossil skulls in epoxy plastic. Curator, vol. 16(4): 286-305.

Schuldes, W.K.F. 1966. Magnified models of microscopic mites. Curator, vol. 9(1): 36-40.

Sella, E. 1951. Plastic and other media in museum exhibits. Museum News of Washington, vol. 29(3): 4-6.

Sheffield, Richard E. 1964. Microcrystalline wax as a medium for model preparation. Curator, vol. 7(3): 244-254.

Shelton, Sally Y. and Dan S. Chaney. 1994. Adhesives and consolidants. In P. Leiggi and P.J. May (eds.), Vertebrate Paleontological Techniques: 1. Methods of Obtaining and Preparing Vertebrate Fossils, pp. ___-___. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Shrock, R.R. 1940. "Lucite" as an aid in studying hard parts of living and fossil animals. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 14(1): 86-88.: An early article suggesting uses for the then-new Lucite. A method of molding calcium carbonate shells for classroom demonstrations of fossilization is described which necessitates the destruction of the original specimen. Of only tangential relevance.

Silicones, Inc. 19___. Molding Technologies for Tomorrow. High Point, NC: Silicones, Inc. ___ pp.

Silverstein, L.G. 1968. Safe handling of epoxy resin systems. In P.F. Bruins (ed.), Epoxy Resin Technology, pp. 123-139. New York: Interscience Publishers.

Siveter, D.J. 1982. Casts illustrating fine ornament of a Silurian ostracod. The British Micropaleontological Society. Fossil and Recent Ostracods, 6: 105-122.

Slettebak, Arn. 1981. Re-creating the Blue Lake rhino cave. Curator, vol. 24(2): 89-95.

Slocum, A.W. 1907. New processes of taking impressions of natural molds of fossils. Science, n.s., vol. 25(641): 591-592.

Smith, Jenny A. and Bruce M. Latimer. 1985. The joy of casting. Explorer, 27(4): 4-5, 22-24.: A popular article introducing the concepts of molding and casting and the procedures for the same developed at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. The use of many clear photos and lucid text make this a good first article for the beginning technician.

Smith, Jenny A., and Bruce M. Latimer. 1986. A method for making high quality three-dimensional reproductions of vertebrate fossils. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 69(2): 265-266.: An abstract of a paper is presented which presents the Cleveland Museum of Natural History's molding method. Dow Corning Silastic E is used on specimens hardened with Glyptal. Petroleum jelly is dissolved in trichloroethane and used as a mold separator.

Smith, Jenny A. and Bruce M. Latimer. 1989. Making a multiple-piece mold. In R.M. Feldman, R.E. Chapman, and J.T. Hannibal (eds.), Paleotechniques, pp. 305-319. Knoxville, TN: Paleontological Society Special Publication.

Smith, Jenny A. and Bruce M. Latimer. 1989. Casting with resins. In R.M. Feldman, R.E. Chapman, and J.T. Hannibal (eds.), Paleotechniques, pp. 326-330. Knoxville, TN: Paleontological Society Special Publication.

Smith, Jenny A. and Bruce M. Latimer. 1989. Preparation of hollow casts. In R.M. Feldman, R.E. Chapman, and J.T. Hannibal (eds.), Paleotechniques, pp. 331-335. Knoxville, TN: Paleontological Society Special Publication.: An concise synthesis of techniques corcerning the uses of a mold rotation machine in the preparation of hollow plastic casts. Casting with plaster and painting plastic casts are also briefly mentioned.

Smith, Jenny A. and Bruce M. Latimer. 1989. A method for making three-dimensional reproductions of bones and fossils. Kirtlandia, no. 44: 3-16.

Spacer, J.A. 1966. Silastic process for casting amphibians, reptiles, and fish. Museum News of Washington, (Technical Supplement), vol. 44(8): 3-4.

Ståhl, E. 1951. A new casting-method for paleontological purposes. In V. Jaanusson (ed.), Brachiopoda from the Tertiary Nahuel Huapi Formation of the Patagonian Cordillera. Bull. geol. Instn. Univ. Uppsala, 34(7): 201-203.

Ståhl, E. 1956. A casting method for paleontological purposes. Bulletin of the Minerology-Geology Institute, Bull. geol. Instn. Univ. Uppsala, vol. 36(4): 285-295.

Staley, Robert N. and George W. Barnhart. 1966. A new silicone rubber duplicating material advantageous for teaching and research in physical anthropology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 25(3):325-334.: A molding technique is discussed which uses Dow Corning RTV 502 and a thinner to produce quick, silicone molds of specimens. Their technique is fairly primitive, involving no de-airing and producing only one-sided molds, but results seem adequate for low budgets.

Stanley, J.W. 1975. Alginate dental impression compound--a comparative assessment of a cheap moulding material with potential applications in palaeontology. Newsleter of the Geological Curators Group, vol. 1(4): 191-193.

Steedman, H.F. 1953. A new modeling medium. The Museums Journal (London), vol. 53: 199-200.

Stitt, J.H. 1982. Magnesium oxychloride--an excellent replicating material. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 56(3): 817-818.

Stone, B. 1973. How to Make Latex Molds. Fort Worth: Deep Flex Plastic Molds. 17pp.

Thomas, Katherine M. 1989. Health hazards in the paleontological laboratory. In R.M. Feldman, R.E. Chapman, and J.T. Hannibal (eds.), Paleotechniques, pp. 30-36. Knoxville, TN: Paleontological Society Special Publication.: A basic overview of the chemical, physical, and radioactive health hazards common to many paleontological labs. Relevant to molding and casting technician are discussions on silica dust, solvents, and noise hazards. Also given are an introductions to MSDSs and evaluating hazard levels.

Tiffany, M. and B. Iwama. 1994. Cast painting. In P. Leiggi and P.J. May (eds.), Vertebrate Paleontological Techniques: 1. Methods of Obtaining and Preparing Vertebrate Fossils, pp. ___-___. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Tugby, D.J. and P.C.R. Boswell. 1953. A new method for making internal cranial casts. Australian Journal of Science, vol. 15(5): 154-158.

United States Gypsum Company. 1987. U.S. Gypsum industrial plasters and gypsum cements. _______: _________, 31 pp.

Unites States Gypsum Company. 1987. Plaster mixing procedures. ______: ______, 4pp.

Untermann, G.E. 1959. A replica of Diplodocus. Curator, vol. 2(4): 364-369.

Unwin, M. 1950. New plastic for the taking of impressions. The Museum Journal (London), vol. 50(7): 155.

Unwin, M. 1951. A new moulding jelly. The Museum Journal (London), vol. 50(11): 267.

Unwin, M. 1951. The uses of plastics and other new materials in archaeology. Archaeological News Letter (London), vol. 3(11): 175-178.

Verniory, R. 1957. Utilisation des mouillants cationiques en micropaléontologie. Archives des Sciences, vol. 10(1): 116-125.

Vernon, R.O. 1957. New techniques for casting fossils and forming molds. Journal of Paleontology, vol. 31(2): 461-463.: A polyvinyl chloride molding compound, Green Mold Plastiflex, is used to produce quick impressions of large and small specimens. Plastiflex needs to be heated to 350º to become fluid, sets up immediately on the specimen, and is fully reusable. Field use and molding vertical surfaces are discussed.
von Fuehrer. O.F. 1938. Cave drawings to liquid rubber. Carnegie Magazine, vol. 12: 85-88.

von Fuehrer, O.F. 1938. Liquid rubber, a new casting medium. Museum News of Washington, vol. 15(16): 7.

von Fuehrer, O.F. 1939. Liquid rubber as an enlarging medium. Museum News of Washington, vol. 16(14): 8.

Walker, A. 1980. Functional anatomy and taphonomy. In A.K. Behrensmeyer and A. Hill (eds.), Fossils in the Making, pp. 123-132. University of Chicago Press

Wall, Carol. 1975. Preparation of articulatory models for instruction and display. Curator, vol. 18(4): 256-262.

Ward, H.A. 1866. Catalogue of Casts of Fossils from the Principle Museums of Europe and America, with Short Descriptions and Illustrations. Rochester: Benton and Andrews. 228 pp.

Ward's Natural Science Establishment. 1950. How to Embed in Bioplastic. _______: ________, 20 pp.

Waters, Barbara T. and Donald E. Savage 1971. Making duplicates of small vertebrate fossils for teaching and for research collections. Curator, vol. 14(2):123-132.

Waters, Barbara T. 1975. A note on vacuum systems for epoxy casting. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology News Bulletin, vol. 103: 94-95.

Waters, P.H. 1983. A review of the moulding and casting materials and techniques in use in the Palaeontology Laboratory, British Museum (Natural History). Conservator, vol. 7: 37-43.

Watson, W.Y. and S. Grant. 1988. Flat fossil molds with Silicone. Collection Forum, vol. 4(1): 8-9.

Whelan, Tony and John Goff. 1990. Molding of thermosetting plastics. In _____ (ed.) Pocket Guide to Plastics (series). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

White, C. 1891. A new method of infiltrating osseous and dental tissues. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, no. ___: 307-308.

White, Tim D. 1981. Molding and Casting Manual. Unpublished manuscript, Berkeley:Laboratory of Human Evolutionary Studies. 37 pp.

White, Tim D. 1991. Molding and casting. In T.D. White, Human Osteology, p. 286. New York: Academic Press, Inc.

Whittard, W.F. and J.E. Sisson. 1940. Phenolformaldehyde resin as a casting material. Geological Magazine, vol. 77(6): 478-481.

Witchard, R. 1969. A technique for polyester casting of matrix-free fossils. Kalori, no. 36: 12-15.

Williams, Stephen L., and Hawks, Catherine A. 1986. Inks for documentation in vertebrate research collections. Curator, 29(2): 93-108.

Wilson, Mark A. 1987. Bigfoot redux. Letter to Newsweek, October 19, 1987, p.21.

Wilson, Mark A. 1989. Enlarging latex molds and casts. In R.M. Feldman, R.E. Chapman, and J.T. Hannibal (eds.), Paleotechniques, pp. 282-283. Knoxville, TN: Paleontological Society Special Publication.: A simple technique is presented for permanently enlarging latex molds up to 50% by total immersion in kerosene. Greater enlargements can be obtained by through subsequent casts and molds.

Wolberg, Donald L. 1989. Glues and other stick'ums and patch'ums: stabilizing compounds for strengthening fossils. In R.M. Feldman, R.E. Chapman, and J.T. Hannibal (eds.), Paleotechniques, pp. 282-283. Knoxville, TN: Paleontological Society Special Publication.

Zangerl, R. 1965. Galvanoplastic reproduction of fossils. In B. Kummel and D. Raup (eds.), Handbook of Paleontological Techniques, pp. 413-420. New York: W.H. Freeman and Co.

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